中国传统文化：语法填空

01.

交子与纸币

    Paper money is an invention of the Song Dynasty in China in the 11th century CE, nearly 20 centuries after the 1._________(early) known use of metal coins. 2._________ paper money was certainly easier to carry in large amounts, using paper money had its risks: counterfeiting and inflation.

   At the beginning of the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE), the government licensed specific deposit shops 3._________ people could leave their coins and receive notes. In the 1100s, Song authorities decided 4._________(take) direct control of this system, 5._________(issue) the world's first proper, government-produced paper money. This money was called jiaozi.

   The Song established factories to print paper money with woodblocks, 6._________(use) six colors of ink. The factories were located 7._________ Chengdu, Hangzhou, Huizhou, and each used different fiber mixes in their paper 8._________(discourage) counterfeiting. Early notes expired after three years, and could only be used in particular regions of the Song Empire.

     In 1265, the Song government introduced a 9._________ (true) national currency, printed to a single standard, usable across the empire, and backed by silver or gold. It was available in denominations between one and one hundred strings of coins. This currency lasted only nine 10.________(year), however, because the Song Dynasty tottered, falling to the Mongols in 1279.

答案

1.earliest  2.While    3.where    4.to take  5.issuing  6. using 7.in   8.to discourage  9.truly   10.years

翻译

    纸币出现在十一世纪的宋朝，比最早使用金属币晚了近20个世纪。虽然纸币更容易大量携带，但使用纸币也有风险——假币和通货膨胀。

在宋朝的初期，政府开设了专门的存款行，人们在那里可以把金属货币换成纸币。在11世纪，宋朝朝廷决定直接管控这个行业，发行了世界上第一个政府正式发行的纸币，这种纸币被称为“交子”。

    宋朝建立了用木板印刷钞票的工厂，用六种颜色的墨水印刷钞票。这些工厂分别位于成都、杭州、惠州，每家工厂都在纸张中使用了不同的纤维，以防止造假。早期的纸币使用期限为三年，而且只能在宋朝的特定地区使用。

1265年，宋朝政府推出了一种真正的全国性货币，用单一标准印刷，在全国范围内使用，以金银为背书。它的面额在一到一百串铜钱之间。然而，这种货币只持续了九年，因为宋朝风雨飘摇，1279年宋朝被蒙古人推翻。

词汇解析

counterfeiting / ˈkaʊntəfɪtɪŋ /假币

inflation / ɪnˈfleɪʃn /n. 通货膨胀，通胀率

例：

Inflation is in double figures.

通货膨胀率达两位数。

Rising unemployment and high inflation.

上涨的失业率和高通胀。

license / ˈlaɪsns /vy. 许可；特许；发许可证给

deposit / dɪˈpɒzɪt /v. 储蓄；存放，寄存

discourage / dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ /v. 使泄气，使灰心；使打消念头，劝阻；阻碍

expire / ɪkˈspaɪə(r) /v. 到期，失效

例：

He had lived illegally in the United States for five years after his visitor's visa expired.

访问签证到期后他在美国非法居住了5年。

When does your driving licence expire?

你的驾照什么时候到期？

denomination / dɪˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃn /n. 面额

02.

火药

  Experimenting with life-lengthening elixirs around A.D. 850, Chinese alchemists instead discovered gunpowder. Their explosive 1._________(invent) would become the basis for almost every weapon used in war from that point on, from fiery arrows 2._________ rifles, cannons and grenades. Gunpowder made warfare all over the world very different, 3._________(affect) the way battles were fought and borders were drawn throughout the Middle Ages.

  Gunpowder somehow remained a monopoly of the Chinese until the 13th century, 4._________ the science was passed along the ancient silk trade route to Europe, where it became 5.________ deciding factor in many Middle Age skirmishes.

By 1350, rudimentary gunpowder cannons were commonplace in the English and French militaries, 6._________ used the technology against each other during the Hundred Years' War. The Ottoman Turks also 7._________(employ) gunpowder cannons with abandon during their successful siege of Constantinople in 1453. The 8._________(power) new weapon essentially rendered the traditional walled fortification of Europe, impregnable for centuries, weak and defenseless.

  During the Age of Exploration, Europeans used 9._________(gun) and cannons to expand their vast trade networks and powerful empires. Gunpowder would be taken all across the globe as Europeans used this powerful advantage 10._________(conquer) and enslave many in places like The Americas and Africa.

答案

1.invention   2.to    3.affecting     4.when  5.a   6.which   7.employed    8.powerful  9.guns   10.to conquer

翻译

   公元850年左右，中国古代炼丹师在炼制长生不老的仙丹过程中发现了火药。从那时起，火药的发明成为战争中几乎所有武器的基础，从火箭到步枪、大炮和手榴弹。火药使世界各地的战争变得非常不同，影响了整个中世纪战争的方式和国家边界的划定。

   之前一直是中国人掌握火药的技术，直到13世纪，火药才由于古丝绸之路贸易传到欧洲，成为许多中世纪冲突的决定性因素。

   1350年之前，初级的火炮在英法两国军队中已是常规武器了，并在百年战争中使用。1453年，奥斯曼土耳其人成功围攻君士坦丁堡时，他们也大胆地使用了火药大炮。这种强大的新型武器使几个世纪以来坚不可摧的欧洲传统的城墙防御工事不堪一击，毫无防御能力。

   在海外扩张的时代，欧洲人用枪和大炮来扩大他们庞大的贸易网络和强大的帝国。当欧洲人利用这一优势征服和奴役美洲和非洲的许多地方时，火药被带到全球各地。

词汇解析

elixir / ɪˈlɪksə(r) /n. 灵丹妙药；炼金药；长生不老药

border / ˈbɔːdə(r) /n. 国境，边界

monop

oly / məˈnɒpəli /n. 垄断，垄断权；垄断企业，专卖者

例：

Had he succeeded, he would have acquired a monopoly.

如果他那时成功了，他就会获得垄断地位。

The company has a virtual monopoly in this area of trade.

这家公司实质上已经垄断了这种贸易。

trade route / ˈtreɪd ruːt /商队的路线；贸易航路

rudimentary / ˌruːdɪˈmentri /adj. 基本的，初步的

例：

He had only a rudimentary knowledge of French.

他只有最基本的法语知识。

Some dinosaurs had only rudimentary teeth.

有些恐龙只有未充分长成的牙齿。

commonplace / ˈkɒmənpleɪs /adj. 平凡的，不足为奇的；平庸的，陈腐的

render / ˈrendə(r) /v. 使成为，使处于某种状态；给予，提供

impregnable / ɪmˈpreɡnəb(ə)l /adj.（要塞）坚固的，无法攻取的

exploration / ˌekspləˈreɪʃ(ə)n /n. 勘探，勘察；研究，探究

conquer / ˈkɒŋkə(r) /v. 占领，攻克，征服；击败，战胜

enslave / ɪnˈsleɪv /vt. 束缚；征服；使某人成为奴隶

03.

毕昇与活字印刷术

Every 1._________(educate) Chinese knows the name of Bi Sheng, 2.________ invented movable-type printing, one of the four important inventions that ancient China contributed to world civilization. Bi Sheng lived in Bianliang (today's Kaifeng City), then capital of China in the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127).

     Bi Sheng carved individual3._________(character)

on identical pieces of fine clay. 4._________ the block had been hardened by fire, the type became durable and could be used anytime and anywhere. The movable type pieces could be glued to an iron plate and 5.________(easy) detached from the plate. Characters could be assembled to print a page and then broken up and redistributed as  6.________(need). When the printing was finished, the pieces could be put away for future use.

    Contrary 7.________ many claims, Bi Sheng's clay types were not fragile but in fact, "hard and tough as horn".

Bi Sheng's invention 8._________(record) Shen Kuo (1031-1095), the Chinese polymath, scientist, and statesman, in 9.________(he) book The Dream Pool Essays' in 1088 AD.

      Movable type printing developed very fast and spread to Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and finally to Europe, while based on the clay type, the type made of wood, lead, tin, and copper 10.________ (gradual) appeared.

答案

1.educated     2.who        3.characters        4.After          5.easily    6. needed       7.to        8.was recorded     9.his        10.gradually

翻译

     每个受过教育的中国人都知道毕昇，因为他发明了活字印刷——这是中国古代为世界文明做出贡献的四个重要发明之一。毕昇住在汴梁（今天的开封），当时北宋的都城。

    毕昇的活字印刷是这样制作的：先用胶泥做成一个个规格统一的单字，用火烧硬后，字块儿会变得经久耐用。字块儿粘在铁板上，很容易从铁板上拆下来。它们可以组装起来打印，然后根据需要拆分和重新搭配。当印刷完成后，这些活字可以放在一边以备将来再次使用。

    许多人认为毕昇发明的胶泥活字非常易碎，其实正好相反，事实上这些字块儿“像牛角一样坚硬”。

    古代博学家、科学家、政治家沈括在他的《梦溪笔谈》中记载了毕昇的发明。

     活字印刷术发展很快，先后传到了韩国、日本、越南，最后传到了欧洲。在胶泥字的基础上，逐渐出现了由木头、铅、锡、铜做成的活字。

词汇解析

movable-type printing活字印刷

contribute to / kənˈtrɪbjuːt tu /有助于；捐献

identical / aɪˈdentɪk(ə)l /adj. 完全相同的；同一的

durable / ˈdjʊərəb(ə)l /adj. 持久的，耐用的

例：

The durable high-impact plastic case is water resistant to 100 feet.

这种耐久的高强度塑料盒在100英尺水深以内是防水的。

This is because these are more affordable and some are even more durable.

这是因为它们更加的价廉物美，更加经久耐用。

detach / dɪˈtætʃ /v. 拆下，使分离；脱离，摆脱

fragile / ˈfrædʒaɪl /adj. 易碎的，易损的；不牢固的，易被摧毁的

例：

He leaned back in his fragile chair.

他向后靠在他那把不结实的椅子上。

The fragile economies of several southern African nations could be irreparably damaged.

几个南部非洲国家脆弱的经济可能会无可挽救地被摧垮。

04.

蔡伦与造纸术

     Cai Lun was born to a poor family in Guiyang, China, during the Eastern Han dynasty around 50 AD. He was a smart and 1._________ (ambition) man. He became a clerical official in a palace at 2.________ young age and was much trusted by the emperor He of Han.

    There is a story told about his journey to discovering paper. It all started one day when he was given a stack of documents to process at home by the emperor since he served 3._________ a court eunuch. These documents were carved on bamboo strips, 4._______ were given to several men to carry on a bull-drawn cart. On the way, the bull slipped and fell under the wheels halfway through the journey, making the bamboo strips fall to the ground as well. While trying to get another bull to carry the strips, Lun had time to think, and he 5.________(conclude) that the strips were just too heavy and difficult 6.________ carry and use. They were indeed a burden to the scholars.

  There must be another way out? So much energy and effort had gone into handling the cumbersome bamboo strips. What about something lighter? With what? Lun had no 7.________(solve). As he was walking, he passed a hemp stalk, and looked at the hemp fiber and thought, “ maybe that could be useful.” He 8.________(careful) removed one layer after another from its fibers, wondering if they could somehow be written on. But they were just too rough and loose. He then thought of the wool from the remains of silk cocoons that might be useful, and that’s when he had it. He ran around seeking help for his experiment. The servants gathered bark, hemp, old silk cocoons, fishing nets, and cloth. They chopped the 9._________(ingredient) finely before cooking them. The result was then pounded to a starchy mixture and dissolved in water before adding another type of starch. When this new mixture was lifted out of the water, it had separated into many fine layers of fabric. Once 10.________(dry), they became sheets of paper.

答案

1.ambitious         2.a                3.as            4.which               5.concluded

6.to                      7.solution     8.carefully       9.ingredients       10.dried

翻译

   蔡伦出生在东汉时期桂阳的一个贫穷的家庭。他聪明而有抱负，年纪轻轻就在宫中做官，深受皇帝的信任。

   这里有一个关于蔡伦造纸的故事——要从他担任宦官、皇帝让他在家处理一堆文件开始。当时的文件都写在竹简上，需要几个人用牛车搬运。在搬运途中，牛滑了一跤，竹简散落了一地。蔡伦觉得，竹简太重了，很难搬运和使用，沉重的竹简文件已经成为了大家的负担。

    一定还会有办法！使用这些笨重的竹简太费精力了，有没有轻一点的材料？用什么去做？当时蔡伦也没有好的办法。他看到路边植物杆上的纤维，觉得也许能用得上。于是，他小心翼翼地把它们一层一层地剥掉，想试试在上面能不能写字，但这些纤维太过粗糙松散。随后，他想到了蚕茧里的毛，也许能派上用场。于是，他赶紧派人去准备实验。仆人们收集了树皮、麻、蚕茧、渔网和布。在煮之前把这些材料切碎，然后捣碎成粉状的混合物并溶在水中，再加入淀粉。从水里拿出来时，它们变成了一层一层的网状物。干燥后，就变成了纸。

词汇解析

ambitious / æmˈbɪʃəs /adj. 有抱负的，野心勃勃的

bamboo strips / ˌbæmˈbuː strɪp /竹片；竹简

fiber / ˈfaɪbə(r) / n. 纤维

chop / tʃɒp /v. 剁，砍，劈

dissolve / dɪˈzɒlv /v. （使）溶解

05.

指南针的演变

   The advent of the compass was a great 1._________(contribute)of the Chinese people to world civilisation. The compass is a simple instrument 2.________(consist) of a magnetic needle that can be turned 3._________(flexible) and a compass with a scale to indicate the direction of the earth's magnetic field.

   The earliest instruments that could indicate direction were called Sinan, 4._________ appeared around the Warring States period, when natural magnets were polished into the shape of 5._________ spoon and placed on a graduated square engraved plate to give a general indication of direction.

   Later on, it was discovered that by rubbing a magnet against an object such as a steel needle in one direction several 6._________(time), the needle could also be magnetised, so that it could point more accurately than the Sinan, and thus the compass 7._________(invented). In the Song dynasty, an instrument was also invented to indicate direction, 8._________(call) the compass fish, which floated on water.

  9._________ the Southern Song Dynasty, people assembled the magnetic needle and the dial into a single unit, named the needle dial, also called the meridian dial, compass and so on. Our compass spread to Europe and the Arabian region around the 10._________(twelve) century, greatly contributing to the development of world navigation and human society.

答案

1.contribution            2.consisting            3.flexibly           4.which        5.a           6.times                      7.was invented          8.called          9.In             10.twelfth

翻译

    指南针的出现是中华民族对世界文明作出的巨大贡献。指南针是-种由能灵活转动的磁针和有刻度的罗盘组成的能指示方向的简单仪器，在地球磁场的作用下它能够指示方向。

   最早的时候能够指示方向的仪器叫司南，大约出现在战国时期，人们将天然磁铁打磨成勺子的的形状，放在有刻度的方形刻盘上，就能大致指定方向。

   再后来人们发现用磁石将钢针等物品延一个方向多次摩擦便可让钢针也拥有磁性，这样指向性也比司南更精确-些，由此指南针就发明了出来。在宋代还发明过一种同样用于指示方向的仪器叫指南鱼，漂浮于水上使用。

   在南宋时，人们把磁针和刻度盘组装为一个整体，取名为针盘，也叫子午盘，罗盘等。我国的指南针大约十二世纪传到欧洲和阿拉伯地区，大大促进了世界航海事业和人类社会的发展。

词汇解析

assemble /əˈsembl/ v.集合;组装;装配;聚集;收集

contribution/ˌkɒntrɪˈbjuːʃn /n.捐款;捐资;贡献;促成作用;一则，一条，稿件;捐赠

magnetic /mæɡˈnetɪk /adj.有磁性的;磁性的;磁的;像磁铁的;富有吸引力的;有魅力的

compass /ˈkʌmpəs /n.罗盘;罗经;指南针;罗盘仪;圆规;

06.

书法

   Calligraphy, literally “beautiful writing,” has been appreciated 1.________ an art form in many different cultures throughout the world, but the stature of calligraphy in Chinese culture is unmatched. In China, from a very early period, calligraphy was considered not just a form of decorative art; rather, it 2._________(view) as the supreme visual art form, was more valued 3.________ painting and sculpture, and ranked alongside poetry as 4.________ means of self-expression and cultivation.

   How one wrote, 5._______ fact, was as important as what one wrote. To understand how calligraphy came to occupy such a prominent position, it is necessary 6.________(consider) a variety of factors, such as the materials used in calligraphy and the nature of the Chinese written script as well as the esteem in which writing and literacy are held in traditional China.

   One of the 7._________(early) recorded instances concerns the first-century emperor Ming of the Han, who, upon hearing that his cousin was on his deathbed, dispatched a messenger to obtain a piece of his writing 8.________ he passed away. By so doing, Emperor Ming was hoping to be able to “commune” with his relative, even after death, through the traces of his 9.________(personal) embodied by 10.________(he) calligraphy.

答案

1.as                      2.was viewed             3.than                  4.a                              5.in

6.to consider       7.earliest                     8.before               9.personality              10.his

翻译

   书法，字面意思是“美丽的书写”，在世界各地的许多不同文化当中都被视为一种艺术形式，但书法在中国文化中的地位是无与伦比的。在中国，从很早的时期起，书法就不仅仅被视为一种艺术，更重要的是，它被视为最高的视觉艺术形式，比绘画和雕塑更有价值，与诗歌并列，它不仅是一种自我修养的展现，也同时可以表达出书写者的内心感受。

    在古代，人们认为一个人怎么写字和他写什么内容一样重要。要理解书法为何占据如此重要的地位，有必要考虑多种因素，如书法所用的材料和字体，以及中国传统文化对文笔和读写能力的尊重。

  有记载的最早的事例之一是公元1世纪的汉朝明帝。据记载，这位汉朝的皇帝听说他的堂兄病危，于是便派一位信使在堂兄去世前取了一篇他所写的书法作品。通过这样做，明皇帝希望能够通过书法所体现的个性痕迹，与他的亲戚“交流”，即使是在他死后。

词汇解析

calligraphy / kəˈlɪɡrəfi / n. 书法，书法艺术

appreciate / əˈpriːʃieɪt / v. 欣赏，鉴赏

unmatch v. 不匹配；不协调

supreme / suːˈpriːm; sjuːˈpriːm / adj.最高的，至高无上的

cultivation / ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃ(ə)n / n. 开垦，耕作；栽培，种植；（品质或技巧的）培养

prominent / ˈprɒmɪnənt / adj.重要的，著名的；显眼的，突出的

deathbed / ˈdeθbed / n. 临终之时；（临终）病榻

commune / ˈkɒmjuːn; kəˈmjuːn / n.社群，群体

trace / treɪs / v.查出，发现，追踪；追溯，追究

07.

郑和下西洋

  The Chinese admiral Zheng He must 1._________(make) quite the impression when the 300 ships under his command arrived at a new destination. The biggest vessels, known as “treasure ships,” were by some estimates 2._________(long) than a soccer field. Their rigging was festooned with yellow flags, sails dyed red with henna, hulls painted with huge, elaborate birds. Accompanying them were an array of support boats, 3.________(include) oceangoing stables for horses, aqueous farms for growing bean sprouts to keep scurvy away, and water taxis for local transportation. The 15th century 4._________(citizen) who received him in what are now Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, India, Kenya, and Yemen had never seen anything like it.

  They came 5.________(bear) luxuries, from tools (axes, copper basins, porcelain) to cloth (fans, umbrellas, velvet) to food (lychees, raisins, salted meats). 6.________ return, they received tribute goods to carry back to China, including spices and precious stones and—on a few notable occasions—ostriches, elephants, and giraffes.

  Almost 7.________ century before Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus made voyages that kicked off the era of European colonialism, Zheng spent three decades plying the waters between China and the East Coast of Africa, 8._________(set) up diplomatic relationships that would reshape Asian life. His seven expeditions challenged 9._________ humans could do at sea, pushing the limits with their boats’ size, 10._________(complex), and capacity for long-distance travel.

答案

1.have made      2.longer     3.including          4.citizens         5.bearing   

6.In               7.a        8.setting     9.what              10.complexity

翻译

   郑和指挥的300艘船每到一地，都会给当地人留下深刻印象。据估计，船队中最大的船只被称为“宝船”，比一个足球场还要大。船的索具上挂着黄色的旗子，帆被染成了红色，船体上画着巨大精致的鸟。伴随宝船的是一系列的保障船只，上面有马厩、种植着豆芽（以防止坏血病）的农场以及马船。15世纪时，印度尼西亚、马来西亚、越南、斯里兰卡、印度、肯尼亚和也门当地接待过他们的老百姓也从未见过如此宏大的场面。

   郑和的船队带来了很多当时的奢侈品，从工具（斧头、铜盆、瓷器）到布料（扇子、雨伞、天鹅绒）再到食物（荔枝、葡萄干、腌肉）。作为回报，他们也收到了许多国家的贡品并带回了中国，包括香料和宝石，甚至还有鸵鸟、大象和长颈鹿。

   早在瓦斯科•达•伽马和克里斯托弗•哥伦布开始欧洲殖民航行之前的近一个世纪，郑和就已经在中国和非洲东海岸之间的海域航行了30年，他所建立的外交关系影响了亚洲各国的生活。郑和七下西洋挑战了人类的海上能力，他所使用的船的尺寸、复杂性和长途海上旅行的的能力都达到了当时的极限。

词汇解析

admiral / ˈædmərəl / n. 海军将军，海军上将；舰队司令

vessel / ˈves(ə)l / n. 船，舰

treasure / ˈtreʒə(r) / n. 金银财宝，珠宝，财富

rigging / ˈrɪɡɪŋ / n. 索具，绳索

hull / hʌl / n. 船体

stable / ˈsteɪb(ə)l / n. 马厩

lychee  / ˈlaɪtʃi /n. 荔枝

tribute / ˈtrɪbjuːt /n.（尤指旧时一国向他国交纳的）贡品，贡金

ostrich  / ˈɒstrɪtʃ /n. 鸵鸟

waters / ˈwɔːtəz /n. 海域；近海

diplomatic / ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk / adj. 外交的，从事外交的

expedition / ˌekspəˈdɪʃ(ə)n /n. 远征，考察；探险队，考察队

08.

印章的起源

  With roots dating back thousands of years, Chinese seals are more than just 1.________ unique motif, they are 2.__________(symbol) of identity, status, and culture.

   A Chinese seal is a seal or stamp used to mark important documents, pieces of art, contracts, or any other item 3.________ requires a signature. _________(typical), the seals are carved into stone, but they can also be made of wood, bamboo, bone, or ceramic. When the seals are used, they are dipped in either red ink _________ cinnabar paste.

  The seal was first created in 221 BC. After the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, conquered the six Warring States and unified China, he ordered his first imperial seal to be carved using beautiful white jade. The imperial seal _________(call) the "Xi" and was only used by those in power. The emperors who followed used an imperial seal, but the number of seals changed depending on the dynasty and who was ________ power.

  It wasn't until the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) dynasties ________ the seal's usage moved from the imperial to the personal, due to the expansion of the feudal arts. Artists began using a stylized seal carving of their name to mark ownership of their _________(work). Individuals also began using a personalized stamp for important documents. These non-official stamps were called “Yin”. Today, seals are used _________ (wide) for marking important documents.

答案

1.a                 2.symbols    3.that         4.Typically    5.or   

6.was called   7.in                 8.that        9.works           10.widely

翻译

   中国古代印章的历史可以追溯到几千年前，它不仅仅是一种独特的图案，也是身份、地位和文化的象征。

   印章是给重要的文件、艺术品、合同，或任何需要确认的东西做的标记。一般来说，印章是刻在石头上，但也可以用木头、竹子、骨头或陶瓷来做。使用印章时，需要沾上红色的印泥或朱砂。

   皇家印章最早出现在公元前221年。在中国古代第一个皇帝秦始皇征服六国并统一中国后，他下令用玉石雕刻他的第一个皇家印章。皇家印章被称为玺，只有当权者使用。之后的皇帝便开始使用玉玺，但玉玺的数量根据朝代的不同而变化。

   直到明清两朝，由于艺术不断发展，印章开始从皇家转向个人使用。艺术家们开始使用个性化的方式在印章上刻上他们的名字，以表明他们对作品的所有权。个人也开始在重要文件上使用个性化印章，这些非官方印章被称为“印”。今天，印章被广泛用于标记重要文件。

词汇解析

seal / siːl / n. 印章，图章

motif / məʊˈtiːf / n. 图形

symbolic / sɪmˈbɒlɪk / adj. 用作象征的，被认为是象征的；有象征意义的

status / ˈsteɪtəs /n. （尤指在社会中的）地位，身份

typically / ˈtɪpɪkli / adv. 典型地，有代表性地

ceramic / səˈræmɪk /n. 陶瓷制品，陶瓷器；制陶艺术

dip / dɪp / v. 浸，蘸

imperial seal玉玺

personalized / ˈpɜːsənəlaɪzd / adj. 标明某人姓名的，为某人特制的