2024年高考英语全国I卷

琼琼琼琼

2024英语新课标I卷C篇阅读文本解析
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
一个人在屏幕上阅读文本和在纸上阅读文本的理解效果是否相同？当涉及相同材料时，听和观看内容是否和阅读文字一样有效？这两个问题的答案通常是否定的，原因涉及多种因素，包括（屏幕阅读时）注意力的分散、容易产生的娱乐心态，以及数字内容浏览时常见的多任务处理倾向。
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
当阅读数百字以上的文本时，纸质材料上的学习效果往往优于屏幕阅读。这一发现得到了大量研究的支持。当实验人员从提出简单的任务，如识别阅读文章的主旨，转向需要抽象思维的任务，如从文本中推断出结论时，纸质阅读的优越性尤为显著。
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
纸质阅读与数字阅读的差异部分源于纸张的物理特性。在纸质阅读中，人们能够真实地触摸到纸张，并感受到页面的视觉布局。（这种体验使得）人们常常将所读内容的记忆与它在书中的位置或在页面上的位置联系起来。
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说).” According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
心理方面同样重要。阅读研究者提出了“浅阅读假说”（shallowing hypothesis）。根据这一理论，人们对待数字文本的态度与对待社交媒体的态度相当。而社交媒体通常不那么严肃，因此相比纸质阅读，人们投入的脑力也较少。
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
相较于文本，音频和视频具有更强的吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地运用这些技术，比如分配一个在线演讲而不是同一人撰写的文章。然而，心理学家已经证实，成年人在阅读新闻报道时，相较于听或观看相同的内容，他们能够记住更多的信息。
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
数字文本、音频和视频在教育领域都发挥着重要作用，尤其是在提供印刷品无法提供的资源时。然而，为了最大限度地促进学习，特别是在需要精神集中和反思的情况下，教育者不应将所有媒体形式视为等同，即使它们包含相同的文字内容。
【长难句分析】
1. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
本句主句为“The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks to ones that require mental abstraction”，其中when引导时间状语从句，“like identifying the main idea in a reading passage”与“such as drawing inferences from a text”分别补充说明“simple tasks”和“ones that require mental abstraction”。在“ones that require mental abstraction”中，ones代指前面的tasks，that引导定语从句，修饰先行词ones，在从句中做主语。
2. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
本句句子主干为“People often link their memory ... to how far ... or where ...”；其中what引导的宾语从句，作介词of的宾语，且what在从句中做宾语；“how far into the book it was”和“where it was on the page”是并列的宾语从句，共同作介词to的宾语；it指代前面的“what they’ve read”。
3. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
本句主干为“people approach digital texts with ... and devote less mental effort than ...”。“According to this theory”为介词短语作状语；“suited to social media”作后置定语，修饰mindset；which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词social media，在从句中做主语。
4. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
本句主干部分为“psychologists have demonstrated that ...”；其中that引导宾语从句；“when adults read news stories”为when引导的时间状语从句。
5. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
“for maximizing learning ...”为介词短语作目的状语；“where mental focus and reflection are called for”为where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词learning；“all media are the same”为省略that的宾语从句；“even when they contain identical words”为even加连词（常见的有if，though，when等）引导从句，表明从句和主句之间的让步关系。
【词汇积累】
1. comprehension  n. 理解力；领悟能力（comprehend去d +- sion）
2. onscreen  adv. 屏幕上的；荧屏的；影视的
3. view  v. 观看（电影、电视节目等）
4. effective  adj. 产生预期结果的；有效的（effect + -ive）
5. cover  v. 包含；涉及（熟词生义）
e.g. We’d better get started because we have a lot (of information) to cover in one hour.
我们最好开始吧，因为我们一小时内要涉及的信息很多。
6. be related to  与……相关
7. concentration  n. 专心；专注（concentrate去e + -ion）
8. mindset  n. 心态
9. tendency  n. 趋势；趋向
10. multitask  n. 多任务（multi- + task）
11. consume  v. 使全神贯注；使着迷（熟词生义）
e.g. Work on the project has consumed his attention for many months.
数月来，他一直专注于这项工程。
12. confirm  v. 确证；证实；证明
13. particularly  adv. 尤其；特别；格外
14. shine through  （清楚地）表现出，展现出
e.g. Once she relaxed, her talent really began to shine through.
一旦放松下来，她的才能就真的开始展现出来了。
15. experimenter  n. 实验员（experiment + -er）
16. pose  v. 提出（问题）（熟词生义）
e.g. My mother posed a question to me that I still can’t answer to this day: “What do you want to do with your life?”
妈妈向我提了一个我至今都回答不出的问题：“你想怎样度过你的一生？”
17. identify  v. 认出；识别；鉴定
18. abstraction  n. 摘取；提取；抽取（abstract + -ion）
19. inference  n. 推断；推理（infer + -ence）
20. digital  adj. 数字化的（digit + -al）
21. physical  adj. 物理学的
22. property  n. 性质；特性；属性（熟词生义）
e.g. The two plants have similar physical properties.
这两种植物的物理特性相似。
23. literal  adj. 确确实实的，真实的
24. along with  连同……一起
25. visual  adj. 视力的；视觉的
26. geography  n. 布局（熟词生义）
e.g. Kim knew the geography of the building and strode along the corridor.
金熟悉这栋建筑物的布局，大步流星地走在走廊上。
27. distinct  adj. 明显不同的；截然不同的；清晰的；清楚的；明显的
28. link ... to ...  将……同……联系起来
29. propose  v. 提出
30. hypothesis  n. 假说
31. approach  v. 着手处理；对付（熟词生义）
e.g. What’s the best way of approaching this problem?
处理这个问题的最佳方式是什么？
32. (be) suited to  适合……
33. audio  n. 音频
34. engaging  adj. 迷人的；吸引人的
35. increasingly  adv. 渐增地；越来越多地
36. say  v. 比如说；假如（熟词生义）
e.g. Let’s pick a math problem. Say problem number 3.
我们选一道数学题吧。比如第3题。
37. assign  v. 分配（某物）；分派，布置（工作、任务等）
38. demonstrate  v. 证明；证实；论证
39. identical  adj. 完全同样的；相同的
40. piece  n. （新闻传媒的）文章，报道（熟词生义）
e.g. Did you see her piece about the Internet in the paper today?
你看了今天报纸上她写的关于互联网的文章没有？
41. role  n. 作用（熟词生义）
e.g. She talked about the roles of exercise and a healthy diet in preventing heart disease.
她谈论了锻炼和健康饮食在预防心脏病方面的作用。
42. available  adj. 可获得的；可利用的
43. maximize  v. 使……最大化
44. reflection  n. 深思；认真思考
45. call for  号召；呼吁；倡议
46. assume  v. 假定；假设；认为
47. contain  v. 有；包括（熟词生义）
e.g. The book contains over 200 recipes.
这本书里有200多个食谱。

2024英语新课标I卷D篇阅读文本解析
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
在地球上的物种灭绝之前记录它们的竞赛中，研究人员和民间科学家已收集了数十亿条记录。如今，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式存在。尽管这些记录在检测某一区域内物种数量和种类变化方面非常有用，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这类记录并非毫无瑕疵。
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
该研究的第一作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授Barnabas Daru表示：“随着科技的进步，人们可以借助移动应用程序便捷地观察不同的物种。现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗？”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
Daru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上体现了实际的全球生物多样性模式。
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Daru说：“我们特别感兴趣的是探索那些倾向于使数据有偏差的采样因素，比如民间科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物而不是旁边的草。”
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
他们的研究发现，大量仅基于观察的记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率。此外，这些数据存在偏差，偏向某些地区、时间段和物种。这是可以理解的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。这些数据也偏向于具有吸引力或引人注目的某些物种。
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
我们如何处理这些不完美的生物多样性数据集？
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
Daru解释道：“有很多方法。生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果来告知用户过度采样的区域，并引导他们前往那些采样不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传图像的鉴定结果。”
【长难句分析】
1. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences.
“With the rise of technology”是介词短语作状语，描述主句的背景或条件；“it is easy for people to make observations”it是形式主语，真正主语是to do不定式结构；“who is lead author of the study and ...”为who引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Barnabas Daru，且who指代Barnabas Daru，在从句中作主语。
2. These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?
“that comes from physical specimens (标本)”为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data，在从句中做主语；“since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate ...”为since引导的原因状语从句；其中“how species are responding to global change”为how引导的宾语从句，作investigate的宾语。
3. Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“Using a global dataset of ...”为分词短语作状语；“how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns”为how引导宾语从句作test的宾语。
4. We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,
“that tend to bias (使有偏差) data”为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the aspects of sampling，在从句中做主语；“like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist ...”为介词短语，对前文所说的“the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data”进行举例说明。
5. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.
“because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists ...”为because引导原因状语从句；其中“who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices”为who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the people，在从句中做主语；“recording their encounters with species in areas nearby”为现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰citizen scientists。
【词汇积累】
1. document  v. 用（文字、影片、照片等）记录
2. extinct  adj. 不再存在的；已灭绝的；绝种的
3. citizen scientist  民间科学家
4. biodiversity  n. 生物多样性（bio- + diversity）
5. in the form of  以……的形式
6. detect  v. 发现；查明；侦察出
7. shift  n. 改变；转移；转换；变换
8. variety  n. 多样性；多变性；变化
9. with the rise of ...  随着……的兴起
10. observation  n. 观察；观测；监视（observe去e + -ation）
11. with the aid of ...  借助于……
12. application  n. （计算机）应用程序（apply把y变i + -cation）
13. lead author  一作（第一作者）
14. outnumber  v. （在数量上）压倒，比……多（out + number）
15. primary  adj. 初始的；最早的
16. specimen  n. 样品；标本
17. investigate  v. 研究；调查
18. respond to  对……作出反应
19. usable  adj. 能用的；可用的；适用的（use去e + -able）
20. dataset  n. 数据集
21. represent  v. 成为……实例；体现（熟词生义）
e.g. They have a collection of animals representing more than 50 species.
他们收藏的动物标本涵盖50多个物种。
22. pattern  n. 样品；样本
23. sampling  n. （选取的有代表性的）样本（sample去e + -ing）
24. bias  n. （研究或实验结果的）偏倚，偏差
25. likelihood  n. 可能；可能性（likely + -hood）
26. flowering  adj. 有花的；多花的；开花的（flower+ -ing）
27. instead of  代替
28. reveal  v. 揭示；显示；透露
29. coverage  n. 覆盖（范围）（cover + -age）
30. favor  v.  较喜欢；选择
31. make sense  有道理；有意义；讲得通
32. encounter  n. （意外的）相遇
33. eye-catching  adj. 引人注目的；惹人注意的；吸引人的
34. imperfect  adj. 有问题的；有瑕疵的；不完美的（im- + perfect）
35. inform sb of sth  告知某人某事
36. oversampled  adj. 过度采样的（over- + sample去e + -ed）
37. encourage  v. 鼓励；鼓舞；激励
38. identification  n. 身份（identify把y变i + -cation）
40. uploaded  adj. 已上传的（upload + -ed）

阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
I met Gunter on a cold, wet and unforgettable evening in September. I had planned to fly to Vienna and take a bus to Prague for a conference. Due to a big storm, my flight had been delayed by an hour and a half. I touched down in Vienna just 30 minutes before the departure of the last bus to Prague. The moment I got off the plane, I ran like crazy through the airport building and jumped into the first taxi on the rank without a second thought.
That was when I met Gunter. I told him where I was going, but he said he hadn’t heard of the bus station. I thought my pronunciation was the problem, so I explained again more slowly, but he still looked confused. When I was about to give up, Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend. After a heated discussion that lasted for what seemed like a century, Gunter put his phone down and started the car.
Finally, with just two minutes to spare we rolled into the bus station. Thankfully, there was a long queue (队列) still waiting to board the bus. Gunter parked the taxi behind the bus, turned around, and looked at me with a big smile on his face. “We made it,” he said.
Just then I realised that I had zero cash in my wallet. I flashed him an apologetic smile as I pulled out my Portuguese bankcard. He tried it several times, but the card machine just did not play along. A feeling of helplessness washed over me as I saw the bus queue thinning out.
At this moment, Gunter pointed towards the waiting hall of the bus station. There, at the entrance, was a cash machine. I jumped out of the car, made a mad run for the machine, and popped my card in, only to read the message: “Out of order. Sorry.”

注意：
（1）续写词数应为150个左右。
（2）请按如下格式在答题纸的相应位置作答。

I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news.




Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised.




【词汇积累】
conference  n. （通常历时数天有专门议题的大型正式）会议
delay  v. 延期；推迟；耽搁
touch down  着陆；落地
departure  n. 离开；起程；出发
pronunciation  n. （某人的）发音
confused  adj. 迷惑的
fish out  （从容器或袋子里）摸出，掏出
heated  adj. 激烈的
spare  v. 抽出，拿出（时间、金钱等）
make it  到达；达到；实现
play along  顺从；合作
thin out  变得稀疏
pop  v. 突然放置；迅速放入
out of order  发生故障；不能使用
【好句积累】
I met Gunter on a cold, wet and unforgettable evening in September.
在一个寒冷、潮湿且难忘的九月傍晚，我遇到了Gunter。
I flashed him an apologetic smile as I pulled out my Portuguese bankcard.
当我拿出我的葡萄牙银行卡时，我向他投以一个歉意的微笑。
A feeling of helplessness washed over me as I saw the bus queue thinning out.
当我看到公交车队伍越来越短时，一种无助感涌上心头。
【原文分析】
时间：on a cold, wet and unforgettable evening in September
人物：“I” (A person catching the last bus to Prague for a conference)
Gunter (a taxi driver)
故事梗概：在九月一个难忘的风暴之夜，航班延误后作者匆忙赶往布拉格的末班车，途中乘上Gunter的出租车，但因不熟悉目的地他需电话询问，抵达时作者发现无钱支付且刷卡机故障，去提款机取款也没有成功。
人称：第一人称为主，第三人称为辅
时态：一般过去时
语体：文中使用了大量的描述性语言，如“a cold, wet and unforgettable evening”“made a mad run for”等，营造了紧张和紧迫的氛围，也用了一些短语，如fish out, thin out等。此外，文中使用了一些直接引语，如“‘We made it,’”。
【人物分析】
Gunter (a taxi driver)
patient (When I was about to give up, Gunter fished out his little phone and rang up a friend.)
kind (Gunter parked the taxi behind the bus, turned around, and looked at me with a big smile on his face.)
optimistic (We made it)
【段首句分析以及思维引导】
Para1: I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news.
Para 2: Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised.
根据段首句提示，作者当时未能成功支付Gunter车费。四天后，作者返回维也纳后按约定给Gunter打了电话。故事主题为信任他人、遵守诺言以及诚实守信。
第一段续写思路：Gunter听到这则消息后的反应；作者给出解决办法以及Gunter的回复；作者与Gunter分别，顺利前往布拉格参加会议。第二段开头暗示了作者给出的解决办法，即作者向Gunter承诺之后返回维也纳时再电话联系Gunter。
第二段续写思路：两人见面的地点、见面后的互动、最后分别的情形，以及这段经历给作者带来的感悟。
【参考范文】
I ran back to Gunter and told him the bad news. To my surprise, Gunter comforted me with a big smile, which calmed me down. Fearing I might miss the bus, I said with a tinge of desperation, “I’ll be back in four days. Could you possibly lend me the bus fare?” “May I have your telephone number? I will call you and pay you back the money I owe you. Please trust me.” I added. “No problem!” he smiled, writing down his number and giving it to me. I shook his hand firmly, jumped out of the car and made a mad dash for the bus, jumping on to it just as it was about to pull away.
Four days later, when I was back in Vienna, I called Gunter as promised. We had a meeting at the bus station where he had dropped me off four days earlier. As soon as I saw Gunter, I walked over to him and gave him a big hug. Happy and excited, he laughed and said he had no idea I’d turn up. I told him that, thanks to his generosity, everything had gone very smoothly, and I handed Gunter the money I owed him, along with a little something extra. But Gunter shook his head slowly and pushed the money back into my hands. Touched by his gesture, I realized the true extent of his kindness and promised to uphold that spirit by promoting goodwill wherever I traveled.
【原文结尾欣赏】
Blood drains from my face. Gunter, panting for breath, shakes his head.
Game over. Fate seemed to be conspiring against me today.
In the distance, I can see the luggage door of the bus closing. The last remaining passengers are about to board the bus. I look towards Gunter.
I can’t remember the exact words of what I said to him then. It’s a bit of a blur.
It goes something like this
‘I know Gunter we’ve just met. But I really need to get on this bus. Otherwise I have to spend the night here which will be bloody expensive. I have to buy a new bus ticket tomorrow morning. I know we’ve just met but I am going to be back in Vienna in 4 days’ time. If it’s okay with you I can pay you the money then. I’ll add an extra 10 euros for your hassle.’
Then an uncomfortable pause as I analyse Gunter’s face for his reaction.
Then the impossible happened. He nodded his head simply.
‘It’s cool. I accept this solution and trust you. Give me the name of your hotel and we can meet there.’
I look at him. Biggest smile you can imagine. I give him the name of my hotel and we exchange phone numbers. I board the bus and give him a big huge wave to my newest friend on planet earth.
4 days later ...
I am back in Vienna to attend the Wiener Wiesn Festival.
As promised, I call Gunter. He’s happy to hear from me.
We meet at the airport where he works from. We embrace like long lost friends.
Gunter tells me that he wasn’t sure if I was going to show up but was happy to hear my voice when I called him.
I gave Gunter the extra €10 tip I had promised which he would not accept. He told me to call him, the next time I was in Vienna and buy him a beer.
Which I happily agreed to.
If my faith in humanity was wavering, Gunter restored it.
Things have changed since we were kids.
They tell me that fairy tales exist no more.
Well, they are wrong. Fairy tales DO exist. Thanks to the invisible knights in shining armour. Call them angels or kindred spirits. They exist in this world. We just don’t see them.
Like the anonymous taxi driver who you meet at the airports of this world. Like my anon Gozitan taxi driver or indeed Gunter.
Definitely, the nicest, the best taxi driver you will meet in Vienna and maybe Austria.