阅读理解微技能（二）理解主旨和要义

阅读理解微技能（二）理解主旨和要义
理解主旨和要义——标题归纳题
标题归纳题考查考生准确理解全文、提炼信息、概括总结的能力。这种题型要求考生能够整体把握文章，综合运用归纳、概括、判断、推理等逻辑思维方法，真正理解主旨要义。
标题归纳题实质上与全文大意题一样，均考查文章的主旨大意，所以，上一期中讲到的寻找主题句、抓住高频词和看选项特点这些解答全文大意题的技巧对于标题归纳题同样适用。解答标题归纳题时，还可以观察选项是否严谨、新颖，因为标题是文章的眼睛，具有概括性强、独特新颖、短小精炼等特点。此外，排除法也是一种有效的解题技巧，此类题型的干扰项往往只关注某些事实或细节，或者概括不全面，甚至包括文章没有提及的内容，我们在解题时可以根据这些特点排除干扰项，从而选出答案。
下面我们结合高考真题对这种题型的解题技巧具体说明。
例1：（2023年高考英语新课标II卷B篇，保留原题号，下同）
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year, students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Rescuing School Gardens    B. Experiencing Country Life
C. Growing Vegetable Lovers    D. Changing Local Landscape
【分析】首先，通过略读全文，我们可以发现，garden和vegetable都是该短文的关键词，由此我们大致可以把答案锁定在A项和C项上。再通过文章当中的一些关键句“The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyles.”“Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes.”“Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens.”可知，文章主要介绍了Urban Sprouts项目的主要目标和产生的效果，即通过校园园艺项目培养学生们对蔬菜的喜爱，改变他们的饮食习惯。因此，最适合的标题是“Growing Vegetable Lovers”。故选C。
例2：（2022年高考英语全国甲卷B篇，保留原题号，下同）
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
27. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers    B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers    D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【分析】通读全文可知，文章第一句即为主旨句。再根据文章中的关键信息“shape-recognition abilities”“the birds have proved skillful at tool use”“the birds were given five differently shaped ‘keys’ to choose from”“Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool”“This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space”可推知，文章主要介绍了戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉拥有熟练的形状识别能力。因此，D选项“凤头鹦鹉：熟练的形状分类员”最能概括文意。故选D。
例3：（2020年高考英语全国II卷D篇）
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
...
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
...
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on from generation to generation.
As a novelist, I've found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can't afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven (避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. ...
35. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about Writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
【分析】通读全文可以看到，library在文中反复出现，是高频词，故标题中应包含library，可以将答案锁定在C、D之间。根据文章的主题句“I have a special place in my heart for libraries”以及全文来看，本文谈的是作者对图书馆的热爱，文章的主体是作者，故D项概括了文章主旨。文章中并未特别提到年轻人，C项其实包含了文章没有提及的内容。故选D。
例4：（2020年高考英语全国III卷D篇）
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation — not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. ...
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them. ...
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D. The World’s Best Divers
【分析】本文以巴瑶人为例，介绍了人类在进化过程中，为了适应居住的环境身体发生的一些变化。通读全文可以看到，evolution、adaptation、the Bajau以及与海洋相关的词汇反复出现，故可知标题中应包含进化与海洋两个方面，故A项最具有概括性。B项中的Highlanders仅在第一段中以例子形式出现，属于对细节的概括；C项中仅Genetic在文中有所体现，Genetic Research和Methods文中均未提及；D项仅体现了文中海洋生活的方面，没有表达出进化的概念，概括性不够。故选A。
综上，在解答标题归纳题时，一定要把握文章主题思想，抓住文中具有概括性的信息，从全局出发概括标题，要防止以点带面、以偏概全。