阅读理解微技能（四）理解文中具体信息

阅读理解微技能（四）理解文中具体信息
理解文中具体信息——间接信息题
间接信息题要求考生对原文陈述的事实作出解释或判断，正确选项和原文在表述上有一定的变化，往往是原文信息的同义替换或归纳概括。
上一期中讲到的根据题干关键词定位信息句的方法同样适用于解答间接信息题，但要注意这里的关键词有时是原文信息的同义或近义表达，甚至可能对原文进行了一定的概括和总结，因此考生要准确理解题干的意思，然后在文中找出与题干中心意思一致的信息。
此外，在解答间接信息题时，我们还可采用排除法，这就要求我们了解选项的特点。间接信息题的正确选项不会照搬原文，会对原文信息进行改写，常见的改写方式有：替换原文中的关键词；改变关键词的词性；简化语言表达。干扰项往往根据文中的某个细节来设置，常有以下几种情况：
①无中生有：选项信息在文中根本没有提到或与文中信息完全相反；
②张冠李戴：把A事物的信息加诸B事物上；
③断章取义：选项中含有部分原文信息，但整体描述不准确（这种选项的干扰性最强，考生在答题时要特别注意）。
下面我们结合高考真题对这种题型的解题技巧具体说明。
例1：（2023年高考英语新课标I卷B篇，保留原题号，下同）
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
...
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?
A. He was fond of traveling.    B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind.    D. He longed to be a doctor.
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了John Todd从小就勇于探索，好奇心强，他很关注大自然处理问题的方式。大学毕业后，他成功设计出一个生态机器来处理污泥。之后他利用自然界生态系统可以自我修复的原理来净化污水，他将之称为“生态设计”。根据题干中的关键词“the first two paragraphs”，我们首先可以把解题信息定位至第一段和第二段。根据第一段第一句中的“he loved to explore the woods ... observing how nature solved problems”、第三句中的“John started to wonder if this process could be used”、第二段第一句中的“John went back to observing nature and asking questions ...”以及第二段列出的那些问题可知，约翰喜欢观察大自然，想知道大自然的运行方式，头脑中总是有很多疑问。由所有这些信息，我们可以概括出约翰的特点，那就是：好奇心很强。C项“He had an inquiring mind.”是对文中这些信息的概括总结。故选C。A项是对文中信息“he loved to explore the woods”的片面解读，也就是断章取义，故可排除A项。B项文中未提及；D项也是对文中信息“After studying ... medicine... in college”的片面解读，文中只提到约翰大学期间学习过医学，但并未提及他想要成为一名医生。故也可排除。
例2：（2023年高考英语新课标I卷C篇）
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
28. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.    B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.    D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
【分析】本文是一本书的序言。文章主要介绍了该书的写作目的和框架结构，告诉读者数字时代极简主义生活方式的优点，以及如何做到极简生活。首先，根据题干中的关键词“aimed at”，我们可以将解题信息定位至第一段，因为第一段开头就直接说明了这本书的写作目的“The goal of this book is ...”。aim和goal是同义词。根据第一段中的“to make the case for digital minimalism”及“to teach you how to adopt this philosophy”可知，这本书解释什么是数字极简主义，并教你如何采用这种理念。由此可推知，这本书的目的是倡导简约数字生活方式。故选B。
例3：（2023年高考英语全国甲卷B篇）
Terri Bolton is a dab hand when it comes to DIY (do-it-yourself). Skilled at putting up shelves and piecing together furniture, she never pays someone else to do a job she can do herself.
She credits these skills to her late grandfather and builder Derek Lloyd. From the age of six, Terri, now 26, accompanied Derek to work during her school holidays. A day’s work was rewarded with £5 in pocket money. She says: “I’m sure I wasn’t much of a help to start with, painting the rooms and putting down the flooring throughout the house. It took weeks and it was backbreaking work, but I know he was proud of my skills.”
Terri, who now rents a house with friends in Wandsworth, South West London, says DIY also saves her from losing any deposit when a tenancy (租期) comes to an end. She adds: “I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures, so, it’s been useful to know how to cover up holes and repaint a room to avoid any charges when I’ve moved out.”
With millions of people likely to take on DIY projects over the coming weeks, new research shows that more than half of people are planning to make the most of the long, warm summer days to get jobs done. The average spend per project will be around £823. Two thirds of people aim to improve their comfort while at home. Two fifth wish to increase the value of their house. Though DIY has traditionally been seen as male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.
27. What trend in DIY does the research show?
A. It is becoming more costly.
B. It is getting more time-consuming.
C. It is turning into a seasonal industry.
D. It is gaining popularity among females.
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了DIY能手Terri Bolton的故事，包括她是如何学到这些技能的以及如何在生活中应用这项技能来避免损失租房的押金。此外，文章还提及了DIY越来越受人们欢迎，尤其是女性群体。根据题干中的关键词“research”，我们可以将解题信息定位至最后一段“new research shows that ...”。最后一段都是调查研究的发现。再根据最后一段最后一句“Though DIY has traditionally been seen as a male hobby, the research shows it is women now leading the charge.”可知，虽然DIY在传统意义上被视为男性的爱好，但是研究表明，现在是由女性主导。换句话说，研究呈现了DIY在女性群体中流行的趋势。D项是对最后一句的信息换了一种方式表达。故选D。
例4：（2020年高考英语全国I卷C篇）
...
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says. According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories (卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building.
D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了竞走这项运动的诸多好处，并给想要尝试竞走的人提出了建议。题干中的关键词“advantage”对原文多项信息进行了概括和总结，包括“race walking does not pound the body as much as running does”以及“some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers”。通过对比选项可知，D项正确。D项是原文信息“some of the injuries ... such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers”的同义表达。本题B项干扰性较强，因为文中提到的“race walking does not pound the body as much as running does”与“less challenging physically”在意义上有所关联，但其实这一干扰项属于断章取义。根据第三段中的“Like running, race walking is physically demanding”可知，竞走与跑步一样，对身体要求也很高，由此可排除B项。故选D。
间接信息题在一套题中出现频率较高，因此我们平时要对其给予足够的重视。解题时，要利用好根据关键词定位的解题方法。感到模棱两可、难以选出答案时，不妨想想干扰项的特点，采用排除法找到正确答案。