考试题型
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书面表达 » 指南 » 分类写作 |
一、求助信
因寻求别人帮助而写的信件称为求助信。
1.写作格式与篇章结构
格式：称呼、正文、信末礼貌语和署名
正文篇章结构：通常分三段
首段：表明写信目的
主体段：提出求助内容、陈述具体情况
尾段：表示感激或希望
[注意] 重点说明求助的原因及内容，语言应简洁诚恳
2.常用句型
(1) 说明写信原因
①I am writing in the hope that you can give me some advice on ...
②I wonder if you could help me with a problem.
③Will you be kind enough to give me a hand with ...?
④Hopefully you would be so kind as to give some suggestions on ...
(2)描述遇到的问题
①What bothers/annoys me most is that I don’t know what to do with ...
②I still find it hard/difficult to ...
③Faced with so many difficulties, I really don’t know how to solve ...
④What makes things worse is that ...
(3) 表示感激或希望
①It would be appreciated if you could be so kind as to give me some useful tips/suggestions.
②I’m eager to get your timely help.
③I will be grateful if you can spare time to do me a favor.
④I would like to thank you for your generous help in advance.
①点明写信目的，清楚表明要寻求什么样的帮助 ②具体讲述自己的困难，再提出请求 ③诚恳地提出希望，表达需要得到帮助的迫切心, 情并表示感谢
Dear Sir/Madam，
I'm________________.(自我介绍) I am writing to ask you to do me a favor. I have some difficulty in doing ..., which bothers me a lot. So I have no choice but to turn to you for help.
First, ...Besides, ...What's more, ...(分层次说明自己的困难)Faced with so many difficulties, I have to ask you for some help. Would you like to ...so that ...？(请求一) In the meanwhile, I beg you to ...(请求二) Also, I would like you to ...(请求三) (根据实际情况选择)
I would appreciate it if you could do me a favor and ...(表示感激). Looking forward to your reply.(表达期望)
Yours truly，
Li Hua
二、咨询信
咨询信是写信人就自己不太熟悉或不理解的事情及问题，向有关部门或个人请求解答时所使用的文体。
首段：自我介绍并说明写信目的
主体段：咨询详情
尾段：表示谢意，期盼回复
【注意】要就收信人能够提供的信息进行咨询，语气要委婉
*常用句型
(1)写信目的
①I am writing to ask for information about ...
②I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding/concerning ...
③I am interested in ... Could you please provide me with more details about ...?
④I am writing in response to your advertisement about ...
(2)咨询具体事宜
①To begin with, I’d like to get some details of ... Additionally, I wonder if ... What’s more, I hope ...
②First of all, what puzzles me most is ... Second, I also wonder if you could ... Finally, I’d be grateful if you could ...
(3) 表示感激，期盼回复
①I’d be greatly grateful if you could provide me with the relevant material regarding the above aspects.
②I am expecting to receive your early reply.
③Your prompt and favorable reply would be highly appreciated.
Dear ,
I am .(自我介绍)I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding .(要询问的内容)
First of all, what are ? Secondly, when will ? Thirdly, is ?(要咨询的问题罗列) I would also like to inquire . Could you be so kind to send me some relevent booklets on the above-mentioned aspects?(附加问题)
Thank you for your kindness, and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated.(表示感谢)
Yours sincerely,________
三、建议信
建议信要求写信人向收信人就某事提出自己的建议或忠告，以便让对方接受自己的想法并解决有关问题。建议信可以写给个人，就其遇到的某个问题提出看法，也可以写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务等方面提出建议或忠告。
首段：说明写信目的
主体段：阐述建议
尾段：表达希望
[注意] 提出的建议要合情合理，建议的角度要多样化，语言要礼貌得体
*常用句型
(1) 表明写作目的
①Learning that you are ... I am glad to give you some useful suggestions on how to ...
②I am very glad to have received your e-mail. Now I am writing to give you some advice on how to ...
③I know you have trouble/difficulty in ... after reading your letter, so I would like to give you some advice.
④I am sorry to learn that you ... Here are my tips for you to solve the problem
(2) 提出建议并阐明理由
①常用的列举方式：Firstly, Secondly ... Finally; Besides; What’s more; Moreover; In addition; Above all等
②You should/You’d better...
③I will be of great help for you to ...
④In my opinion, it would be wise to take the following actions.
(3) 表达希望
①I hope my suggestions will be of benefit to you.
②I hope that the suggestions are practical for you.
③I will be more than happy if you can take my suggestions into consideration.
④I would be happy to know if my suggestions have turned out to be useful in ...
①表明写作意图 ②具体的建议及理由 ③指出采纳建议的好处
[模板]
Dear ________，(建议对象)
I'm glad to receive your letter asking for my advice on how to____________.(引出对方需要建议的主题)
Here are a few suggestions.(引出作者建议) First, it is important to________.Then, it also helps to_______________.
Besides, it should be a good idea to__________________.You can also________.
I hope my suggestions will be of benefit to you.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
四、申请信
在日常的学习、生活中，我们常会遇到求职或想要加入某组织（团体）、参与某活动、获得某学位、获得奖学金等情况，这就需要我们通过写申请信来达成我们的愿望。
首段：表明写信目的
主体段：陈述申请理由
尾段：表示感谢、期待或决心
[注意]陈述申请理由时应说明相关优势，内容要真实、语言要简洁，要多使用陈述句。表示感谢、期待和决心时，态度要真诚。
*常用句型
(1) 表明写作目的
①I learned from sb./the newspaper that your company wanted to ..
②I have learnt that ... and I would like to ...
③I am writing to apply for ...
④I am writing to you in the hope that I may obtain an opportunity to...
⑤I am writing to you to inquire if there would be any position available for me to work as a ...
(2)陈述申请理由
①The reasons why I apply for ... are as follows. For one thing... For another,... In addition...
②I apply for ... for the following reasons. To begin with ... Moreover... Last but not least...
③I am confident that I am ... First of all, ... Besides, ... Finally, ...
(3) 表示感谢、期待或决心
①I would be very grateful if you could consider my application.
②I shall be much obliged if you will off me a precious opportunity.
③I will appreciate it if you could give my application a kind consideration and give me the opportunity to ...
④Thank you for considering my application and I am looking forward to your early reply.
Dear ...... ,
I write this letter to apply for the position that you advertised in---- .(信息来源)
Not only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I also have the right personality for -----------------------.(表明自己可以胜任某一职位)For one thing, --------------------------------.(胜任的理由一) For another, ----------------------.(胜任的理由二) Should you grant me a personal interview, I would be most grateful.
Please contact me at any time at ------------------ .(提供个人联系方式)
Thank you for considering my application, and I'm looking forward to meeting you.(结束语，表达感谢和期望)
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
五、推荐信
推荐信是一个人为推荐另一个人接受某个职位或参与某项工作而写的信件。同时，它也可以是一个人向另一个人或某个组织、单位等推荐某物或某个场所而写的信件。
首段：推荐某人/某物(场所)
主体段：推荐理由
尾段：请求对方考虑，表示愿意提供更多信息
[注意]如果是写给某人的推荐信，正文的称呼为Dear ..., 如果是写给某人组织或单位的，称呼用To whom it may concern; 陈述推荐理由时，内容须真实可信；若是写给某个组织或单位的推荐信，语言须正式、礼貌。
*常用句型
(1) 说明写信目的
①It gives me a great pleasure to recommend ... as ...
②I would like to offer a formal recommendation for ...
③With reference to your requirements, I shall recommend...
(2) 推荐理由
①First of all... Second/In addition... Last but not least...
②For one thing, ... For another, ... Besides, ...
③As his/her ... I have known ... for approximately two years and feel that he /she is a deserving candidate for your ...
(3)请求考虑推荐
① I strongly recommend ... and your favorable consideration will be very much appreciated.
② It would be very considerate if you could take my recommendation into account.
(4) 愿意提供更多信息
①If you have any further questions regarding ... or this recommendation, please do not hesitate to contact me.
②If you want to know more about ..., please contact me without hesitation.
①自我介绍及所推荐人物 ②推荐理由 ③期待对方回复，并表示感谢
[模板]
Dear___________，
I'm ___________.(自我介绍) I was asked to write to you to recommend________(要推荐的人) to be/do___________(要做的职位或事情)．
His/Her performance was outstanding. He/She is a diligent boy/girl, who can ______.(优势一) What's more, ____________.(优势二) I'm sure he/she can________. Therefore, I here recommend him/her to you with all my heart.
If you have any questions about it, please contact me.Looking forward to your coming.(表达期望)
Yours sincerely，
Li Ming
六、邀请信
邀请信是国家机关、社会团体、公司、学校等单位或个人举办某些活动时，给予目标单位成员前来参加的邀请性质的信件。
首段：说明事由并发出邀请。
主体段：说明活动内容
尾段：期待回复。
[注意]邀请信必须把活动的相关事项，如时间、地点等写清楚，不能使收信人有任何疑惑；针对不同的邀请对象要选择恰当的言辞和语气。
(1)发出邀请
①I am writing to invite you to ...
②It’s my honor to invite you to ...
③I am writing to ask whether you would be willing to attend ...
④On behalf of ..., it gives me the great pleasure to invite you to ...
(2)介绍活动内容
①Here are some details about this activity. /The following are some details about this activity./ Some details about this activity are as follows.
②To begin with, we will... Besides, there will be a lot of activities such as ...
③During the ... we will have lots of activities which you will be interested in. First, ... Second, ... In addition, ...
(3) 表达期待和感谢
①I would be grateful/I would appreciate it if you could accept my invitation.
②We are looking forward to your favorable reply.
③I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
①表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请 ②说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容 ③期待对方接受邀请，并表示感谢
[模板]
Dear ________，(邀请对象)
How's everything with you? I'm writing to tell you that there will be a ________(活动) at/in ________(地点)on ________(时间)．I wonder if you'd like to go with me.(发出邀请)
The occasion will start at ________.(具体时间)There will be lots of activities you are interested in.(活动的具体内容)First,________.(活动介绍一)Second,________ .(活动介绍二)I believe that you will like them very much.
If you are interested in it, let me know. Hope to meet you at the_________. /I really hope you can make it.(再次邀请) Looking forward to your participation.
Yours sincerely，
Li Ming
七、祝贺信
祝贺信是指在日常生活中，得知同学或朋友在某方面取得成功或过重大节日时，写给对方表示祝贺的信件。
首段：祝贺事由
主体段：被祝贺人的努力及优点
尾段：再次祝贺及祝愿
[注意]语言要充满热情、喜悦，使对方能够感到温暖和振奋；赞美对方要做到实事求是，恰如其分
(1) 祝贺事由
①I would like to extend to you my utmost congratulations on ...
②Good news travels fast! Please accept my sincere/hearty congratulations on ...
(2) 被祝贺人过去的努力和优点
①Naturally, I am not surprised at all, because I know how talented you are and how hard you’ve worked to attain the goal.
②A man of your ability and intelligence is bound to be successful.
③I am sure you must have made immense efforts to make it.
④I know that you would not have achieved this without industry (勤奋) and perseverance (毅力).
(3)再次祝贺及祝愿
①Please accept my sincerest congratulations and very best wishes for all the good future.
②All my best wishes for an even more prosperous future/successful career!
③May the years ahead be filled with good health and good fortune for you.
④I am looking forward to hearing more good news in your ...
八、感谢信
感谢信是向帮助、关心和支持过自己的组织或个人表示感谢的专业书信
首段：写信的目的及感谢的原因
主体段：重点叙述并赞赏对方给予的帮助
尾段：再次阐述谢意并表达积极的意愿
[注意]感谢事由的表述要真实具体，要把对方给你带来的帮助都写清楚；用词要精炼简洁，表达出真切的谢意。
(1) 表达感谢之情并说明原因
①On behalf of ..., I would like to express our sincere thanks for your help.
②Here I am writing to express my sincere gratitude to you for ...
③I would like to convey in this letter my heartfelt thanks to you for ...
④With deepest gratitude, I write you this letter to express my thanks for ...
⑤I take this opportunity to express my appreciation for your help.
(2) 具体叙述对方对自己的帮助
①Without your timely assistance, I would have ...
②It’s your kind help that ...
③If it had not been for your help, I couldn’t have ...
(3)再次感谢或表达回报愿望
①Please accept my sincere thanks again for your help, which I will never forget.
②I will be more than pleased if I have the opportunity to repay your kindness.
③My true gratitude is beyond the word’s description.
④From the bottom of my heart, I sincerely thank you for your help!
①点明写信目的②描述事件经过③再次表示感谢，表达回报心情
Dear ______，(感谢对象)
I am writing to extend my sincere gratitude to you for____________.(感谢的原因) If it had not been for your assistance in ________________，(对方给你的具体帮助) I fear that I would have been ________________.(没有对方帮助的结果)
Everyone agrees that it was you who____________.(给出细节)
Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept my gratitude.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
九、道歉信
道歉信是指因过失或疏忽做错了事，给别人带来了麻烦或损失后给对方赔礼道歉时写的信件。
首段：表示歉意
主体段：道歉的原因与弥补措施
尾段：再次表示歉意并请求原谅
[注意]事情的原委要写清楚；解释的理由要真实；道歉的态度要诚恳，用词要贴切；补救措施应切实可行。
(1) 表示歉意
①I am terribly/awfully sorry that ...
②I regret to inform you that I can’t ...
③It’s very kind of you to invite me... But much to my regret, I am unable to ...
④I am writing this letter to express my apology for ...
(2)说明出现差错的原因
①The cause of ... is owing to the fact that ..., and I have no choice but to ...
②The reasons why I ... are as follows.
(3)提出弥补措施
①I decide to ..., and I would appreciate it if ...
②To make compensation, I’d like to ..
③Is it possible for me to ...?
④I would be much obliged if you could give me another chance to ...
(4)请求原谅
①Please accept my sincere apologies for ... and forgive me.
②Once again, I apologize for any inconvenience caused.
③I sincerely hope you can understand... and accept my apologies.
①表明写作意图，对某事表示歉意 ②说明道歉的具体原因 ③再次表明歉意，请求谅解，并提出补救措施
Dear________，
I am sorry to tell you that___________.(陈述道歉原因) Now I am writing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret.
I hope you will understand me and excuse me for_____________.(请求对方原谅的事由) The reason for my delay/absence was/is that________.(解释道歉原因) Therefore _______.
I sincerely hope that you can accept my apology and understand it. I would appreciate your allowing me to __________.(提出补救措施) Once again, I'm sorry for any inconvenience caused.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
十、告知信
告知信是用以告诉某人或某个组织有关事项的具体内容及应注意的问题的信件
首段：写信目的
主体段：告知的内容
尾段：表达希望、期待或愿意提供帮助
[注意]告知内容必须详实；告知事项必须简明扼要；切不可把书信写成广告或通知文体。
(1)说明写信目的
①I am glad to learn that you will...
②I know that you are interested in ...
③I am writing to tell/inform you that ...
④This letter is intended to tell/inform you that ...
(2)告知的内容
①Now, I’d like to tell you about the details of ...
②If you would like to have a try, you will have to ...
(3)表达希望、期待或愿意提供帮助
①Please let me know if you are interested in it.
②If you have any other questions, I will be more than glad to help.
③I am looking forward to having your early reply.
十一、投诉信
投诉信是我们在日常生活中对某项服务或商品不满时所写的书面材料，目的是为了维护自身的权益。
首段：提出投诉内容
主体段：说明具体情况
尾段：提出解决方案
[注意]重点表明投诉的原因。叙事时应客观、准确、简朴；表达不满时，语言要把握分寸，不失风度；提出的解决方法应切实可行。
(1)简要地介绍自己的身份
①I am Li Hua, a tourist staying in your hotel when I was ...
②I have been a regular customer of your store, but one thing that happened recently dissatisfied me.
(2)说明写信原因
①I am writing to you to complain about ...
②I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with / at ...
③I am writing to call your attention to ...
④I am writing to inform you that I am dissatisfied with your ...
(3)说明不满的原因
①There are some serious problems that deserve your close attention.
②To my disappointment, there are some problems with the ...
③I am completely disappointed to find ...
④For one thing, ... For another, ... Even worse, ...
(4)提出希望或解决的方法
①I trust you will take my complaints seriously and ...
②I hope you will give due attention to this matter.
③I hope you will kindly investigate...
④To remedy the matter, I suggest...
⑤To improve the situation, it is advisable for you to ...
⑥I feel that I should get my money back as compensation for my terrible experience.
I am writing to complain about the quality of the TV set./ I am writing to make a complaint about the poor service you provided.
What annoyed me most is that (抱怨的内容)/ It is a great pity that I was disappointed with (抱怨的内容)/ I will be glad if you could replace it with a new one at your earliest convenience./ I wonder if I could demand a refund.
I'd appreciate it if you have this problem settled as soon as possible./I will be grateful if you can provide a satisfying solution.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
十二、便条
便条是指日常生活中，如果我们有什么事要告诉他人或委托他人办什么事，在不面谈的情况下书写的一种条据，是一种简单的书信。便条的内容涉及询问、留言、要求、请示等。高考中常见的为留言条和请假条。
格式：称呼、正文、署名
正文篇章结构：正文视便条的具体内容可分二至三段。留言条可分两段：首段写清留言的原因；主体段写留言的内容。请假条则分三段写：首段提出请假；第二段陈述请假的理由并表示歉意；第三段表明希望批准等。
[注意]写便条时，意思要清楚、简明、易懂。写作时，不必在语言的正式程度上精雕细琢，只要用简单的语言结构和通用的词汇表达清楚留言的目的即可。
例：留言条
Mrs. Wilson,
I’m going out shopping, and won’t be back until about 5:00 p.m. I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the City Library.
At about 1 o’clock this afternoon, Tracy called, saying that she had to cancel the meeting at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend to. She felt very apologetic and declared you could reschedule the meeting. She said Susan had already been informed of this change and expected you to ring her back as soon as you are home.
Li Hua
请假条
Dear Mr. Black,
I’d like to know if i could ask for a casual leave of absence from your oral English class next Wednesday afternoon.
As a member of our school basketball team, I’ll be competing in the Middle School Basketball Game of the city next week. On account of it, I’ll be absent from school for a whole week.
I am sorry, but your kind permission will be greatly appreciated and I’ll try to make up for the missing lesson as soon as I get back.
Li Hua
十三、通知
通知一般用于上级对下级、组织对成员布置工作、传达事情及召集会议等。通知从形式上可分为书面通知和口头通知。
书面通知一般由标题、正文和结尾三部分组成
(1)标题：在正文上面正中的地方写上NOTICE，每个字母都要大写
(2)正文：包括具体的时间、地点、活动内容和注意事项
(3)结尾：发通知的时间一般写在左下角，但也可以写在右下角，位于单位之下。发通知的单位一般写在正文的右下角。
通知的写作要求
(1)通知在内容上应依次写明通知的目的、通知的内容和注意事项。要交代清楚活动的目的、对象、时间、地点和内容。层次要清楚。
(2)发出通知的单位和通知的对象，通常要用第三人称，如要求同学们按时到会，应写成：All the students are required to be there on time.
(3)通知中提及的事情都是计划要做的，时态多用将来时。通知往往着重对活动内容、对象进行说明，多用被动语态，如The class meeting will be held ...
(4)尽可能用精炼的文字表达明确的信息，多用简单句或短句、单句，少用修饰性词语，以避免繁杂。
写作指导及范例
正文由一段组成，写作时应注意依次写清要点内容，不可遗漏要点，内容拓展要紧扣要点，不要加入自己的想法，文体为书面体。
NOTICE
To enrich our school culture and arouse students’ enthusiasm for English writing, the School English Newspaper is going to hold its annual English Story Writing Contest in December. Contestants are required to produce an original English story of about 500 words, reflecting students’ true life. All entries must be submitted to the School English Newspaper by Wednesday, November 31st, 2018. All the stories will be carefully graded by our foreign teachers. Winners of the contest will be awarded with specific certificates as an encouragement.
The School English Newspaper
October 16, 2018
十四、演讲稿
演讲稿是人们在工作和社会生活中经常使用的一种文体。它可以用来交流思想、感情、表达主张、见解；也可以用来介绍自己的学习、工作情况和经验等。
演讲稿一般由称呼语、正文和结尾三部分组成
(1)称呼语：如Ladies and Gentleman，Dear teachers and fellow students等
(2)正文：演讲稿实际上属于特殊的议论文，所以正文结构和议论文类似
①开门见山，提出论题
②对提出的论题进行客观的论证，例如举例、列数据、对比、引用等
③结论要简明扼要，以便使听众留下深刻印象。
(3)结尾：对听众表示感谢，如Thank you for your attention等
写作要求
(1)直奔主题，避免中文演讲时那种婉转的表达方式
(2)用以论证的材料要真实可信，有说服力
(3)应少用难以理解、结构复杂的语句
常用句型
①I feel honored to have this opportunity to deliver a speech on ...
②It’s my pleasure to talk about ...
③The topic of my speech is ...
④I feel greatly honored to be running for (竞选)...
⑤My strength/advantage lies in the fact that ...
⑥From what have been discussed above, we can safely draw the conclusion that ...
例:
Honorable Judges,
It’s my pleasure to talk about the advantages of learning English. My topic today is “Better English, Better Life”.
To begin with, having a better command of English is more likely to contribute to travelling abroad and reading or watching English original works, thus enriching our lives. Besides, better English can promote our academic level, which increases the potential of our admission to better universities. Finally, international companies always prefer the staff with proficient English.
From what have been stated above, there is no denying that better English can better our lives.
That’s all. Thank you.
十五、倡议书
倡议书指的是由个人或某一组织或社团发出，倡导共同做某事的书面文章。
格式：与一般书信大致相同，通常由称呼、正文、结尾、落款四个部分组成。
(1) 称呼：写称呼的目的是为了明确倡议的对象，一般要依据倡议的对象而选择适当的称呼，如Dear friends, Dear schoolmates, Dear editor, Dear students等
(2) 正文：视内容可由一至两段组成，要求写清倡议的背景、原因、申明倡议的目的。倡议的内容也要具体，要写清你倡议做什么，应该怎么做，这样倡议的对象更容易看清，更容易明白，效果也更好。
(3) 结尾：结尾要表明倡议者的决心和希望。
(4) 落款：在右下方写发出倡议的组织名称或倡议者的姓名，然后另起一行，署上发出倡议的时间。
写作要求：
1. 从写作内容上来说，倡议书一般应包括倡议原因、目的、具体内容和呼吁等。
2. 从写作手法上来说，倡议书的措辞要贴切，情感要真挚，语言要富有号召行，可多用should, ought to, may, can等表示建议的情态动词。倡议书开头要简单明了，吸引倡议对象的注意，结尾最好加上简洁有力的呼吁。
3. 倡议书的时态一般采用将来时或一般现在时，人称一般以第一人称为主。
常用句型：
(1) 引出倡议目的
①In order to / To ...
②With / For the purpose of ...
(2) 列举倡议内容
①It is suggested that we ...
②It would be better if ...
③We are supposed to ...
(3) 提出呼吁
①It is high time that sb. should do sth.
②Let’s work together to ...
③Let’s take action from now!
例:
Green Travel, Clean Air
Dear friends,
Nowadays, smoggy weather is appearing more and more frequently all across our country. Not only has it brought much inconvenience to our life but also caused great harm to our health.
I believe green travel can make a difference to the air quality. Firstly, we should choose to walk or ride a bicycle if it’s a short distance travel. Secondly, whenever possible it’s good to take public transportation rather than private cars so as to cut down gas emissions.
Such measures can definitely make a marked improvement in air quality, so let’s take action from now.
Li Hua
September 10, 2018
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