第四部分 介词复习及介词习语复习

第四部分  介词复习及介词习语复习
一．意思较为复杂的介词
1．About:
① 关于：
I know nothing about the matter.
② 围绕、环绕：
She had a gold chain about her neck.
③ 在……的附近；在……周围：
The streets about the castle are full of places of historic interest.
④ 正要……; 刚要……(后面接不定式):
I was about to speak when my companion drew my attention to something that was happening in the far corner of the room.
2．Against:
① 反对：
My father was against giving votes to women.
Are you for or against the suggestion?
② 反抗、抵抗、对抗
The war against Napoleon; the fight against disease;  to rise against oppressor.
③ 靠着；倚着：
He stood with his back against the door.
Don’t lean against the wall.
④ 撞着；碰着：
She struck her head against the branch of a tree.
10.at:
① 表示地点时，指最为具体、明确的地点。
The post office is at the corner of the street.
I will meet you at the railway station.
② 表示时间时，指具体的时刻（几点几分）。
The concert starts at half past seven.
下列情况应该死记：
at Christmas;     at dawn;     at sunset;      at noon;      at night
③ 表示事物或人所处的状态。
The two tribes were constantly at war.
I never feel at ease in his company.
④ 表示原因。
The whole nation was in deep sorrow at the news.
I have called to see you at the request of a friend.
⑤ 表示“以……的速度”或“以……的价格”。
The car raced through the countryside at sixty miles an hour.
Eggs are sold at three shillings a dozen.
11.by:
① 用以引出动作的发出者，汉语译为“被”、“受到”、“由”。
He was killed by a piece of falling rock.
② 表示动作的方式或手段，汉语译为“通过”。
Passengers must cross the railway line by the bridge.
He earned a living by driving a taxi.
③ 表示位置时，意思是“在……的旁边”。
On a cold evening it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
④ 表示时间时，意思是“到……时（为止）”。
I have promised to have the work finished by the end of this week.
⑤ 表示买卖东西时用以计算的数或量；支付报酬时用以计算的时间。
Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.
Most workmen are paid by the week.
⑥ by + 反身代词的意思是“独自”（没有人在一起或没有人帮忙）。
She lives by herself in a small cottage in the country.
   
5.from:
① 表示出发或行为起始的地点以及事物的来源，汉语译为“从”；“来自”。
We set sail from Liverpool.
Tea comes from India and China.
He jumped from a five-storey window into the street below.
② 表示原因（通常用于贬义）
All her life she suffered from headaches.
The two explorers died from exposure to the cold.
③ 表示“防止”或“避免”。
He saved the child from drowning.
We put on our raincoat to protect us from the rain.
动词keep、prevent、stop后搭配from都属于这种用法。
④ 表示“差异”或“对比”。
We could not distinguish one from the other.
We found a village very much changed from what it used to be.
单词different、tell (分辨，区分) 后搭配的from 均属这种用法。
6． For:
① 表示目的。
George is saving up for a camera.
He went into the shop for some cigarettes.
② 表示原因， 汉语常译为“因为”、“由于”。
You can’t see the wood for the trees.
He was given a title for services to his country.
③ 表示“赞成”、“同意”。
Are you for the suggestion, or against it?
I’m all for anything that will make our work easier.
④ 表示“对……来说”、“考虑到……”。
The weather is quite warm for November.
He is tall for a boy of eight.
⑤ 表示动作持续的时间。
Last week I stayed in Beijing for three days.
⑥ 表示“交换”。
I let him have my watch for his camera.
She bought it for five pounds.
⑦ 用以表示不定式的逻辑主语。
  It is not good for children to have too much money.
7.in:
① 表示地点、范围，汉语译为“在……”; “在……中（内、里）。
She is a nurse and is working now in a hospital.
Do you like the bird in the cage?
② 表示时间时的用法：(在一段时间范围之内)
in the morning ( afternoon; evening)
in spring (summer; autumn, winter)
in January ( February, March……)
in 1919
③ 相当于汉语的“用”、“以”之类的意思。
   Please answer my questions in English.
   Only in this way can you remember new words easily.
④ 表示“进”、“入”一类的意思，但主要强调状态。
   He put his hand in his pocket.
⑤ 表示衣饰等，“穿着”、“戴着”。
   Do you know the woman in white?
   He is always dressed in uniform.
⑥ 表示“在……方面”、“在 ……上”。
   I think he will have some troubles in finishing the task.
   Mr. Green spend o lot of money in playing computer games.
8.of:
① 表示所属关系，汉语常译为“的”。
The soldiers of the Queen;
the surface of the road
the cover of the book
② 表示“在……中”。
Three of them;
half of the money collected
③  表示……的数量或种类。
A piece of chalk
a sheet of paper
④ 表示同位关系。
The city of Tianjin
the fact of my seeing him
⑤ 表示材料、成分等。
A dress of silk
What is the table made of?
The book consists of several chapters.
⑥ 表示“解除”、“分离”、“剥夺”。
Cure sb of a disease;
rob sb of his money
9.on:
① 表示“接触”，汉语的意思是“在 ……上”。
The books on the table;
have a hat on his head;
② 表示时间时，专指确定的某一时间、日期、机会。
On the 1st of October;
on the morning of Mat the first;
③ 表示露天的地点。
On the ground;
on the farm
④ “有关”、“关于”
    He will give them a speech on international affairs.
⑤ 表示“是……的成员”、“在……任职”。
He is on the committee.
I was on the football team of our school when I was a student.
⑥ 表示根据、基础、条件、理由等，汉语常译为“靠、借、由于”。
下列短语都属于这种用法：
be based on;     depend on;      buy sth on credit
on condition that;    live on rice
⑦ 表示动作或状态在进行中，汉语可译为“在…… 中”。
   On holiday;      on duty;      on sale;       on business;
   on fire;
10. over:
① 表示垂直在上，但有一定的距离而不接触。汉语译为“在……上”。
   Hold an umbrella over one’s head;
   The lamp hung over the table.
② 表示时间时，意思是“在……期间”。
   Are you staying in London over Christmas.
   Over the centuries
③ 表示“越过”。
   Climb over a wall;     our friends over the sea;     
   She spoke to me over her shoulder.
④  “在……对面“
   They live over the street.
⑤ 表示数量上“超过”或“在……以上”。
   Over eight years ago;      
   He spoke for over an hour.
⑥  表示“遍及”。
   All over the body (浑身)；   travel all over the world;
   Snow is falling over north of England.
11. with:
① 表示一起、伴同等，汉语常译为“同”、“和”、“一起”、“跟”。
   Combine theory with practice;  co-operate with others;
   learn English with Pro. Jones;  be together with him;
② 表示伴随发生， 汉语常译为“随着”。
   Change with seasons;       increase with years;
   With these words, he went out.
③ 表示“有”、“带有”。
   A girl with golden hair;    a room with furniture;
   China is a large country with a long history.
④ 表示所使用的工具、手段，汉语常译为“用”。
   Cut with a knife;       take it with both hands
   I have no money to buy it with.
⑤ 表示原因、理由，汉语常译为“因为”、“由于”。
   Be silent with shame;    be troubled with disease;
   I can’t go out with all these dishes to wash.
⑥ 用于表示情感、情绪的形容词之后，表示“关于、就、对”。
   Be angry with sb. ;        be satisfied with ;
   be patient with;           
⑦ 后接复合宾语，用以说明附带情况或交代细节。
   A woman with a child in her arms;
   read with a pipe in one’s mouth;
   speak with one’s tears in one’s eyes;
二．意思比较单纯的介词：
1. above:
① 表示位置高于（= higher than ）, 汉语译为“在……上面”。
500 meters above the sea level;
The sun rose above the horizon.
② (价值) 甚于、胜过 （= more than）
We love truth above everything else.
12.across:
① 横越；横过
run across the street;    sail across the Pacific;
② 交叉
The two lines pass across each other at the right angles.
3. among:
(三者) 在……之中； 在……中间
a village among the hills;   
Shanghai is among the largest cities in the world.
4. beyond:
① 在……的那边； 在……以外
a mile beyond the town’
Is your house beyond the river or on this side of it?
② （时间） 过了……；比……晚
beyond nine o’clock;   
Don’t stay out beyond midnight.
③  超出（范围、限度）； 处于……之外
The task is beyond my strength.
The book is beyond me.
5. between:
（两者）在……之间； 在……（的）中间
   Choose between the two.
   A railway between the two cities;    love between mother and child
6.beside:
在……的旁边
Grass grow beside the fence.
Come and sit beside me.
7.behind:
① 表示位置“在……的后面”、“在……的背后”。
He left nothing behind him.
Walk close behind me.
Tom came out from behind the door.
② 底于、次于、不如
behind other boys of his age;
be behind the needs of the objective situation;
8.besides:
除……之外，还有……
I have a few friends besides you.
There were five others present at the meeting besides him.
9.concerning:
关于
Please inform me concerning this matter.
10.down:
① 向下
run down the hill;
Her hair was hanging down her back.
② 沿着
Go down this street and turn left.
He was walking down the road.
11.during:
在……期间
during that period;     during the revolutionary war;
The sun gives us the light during the day.
The boy played during the afternoon.
12.except:
① 除……之外
We all succeed except him.
We go to school every day except Sunday.
② 短语except for 表示在整体肯定的基础上，在细节上加以修整。
The road was empty except for a few cars.
Your composition is very good except for a few spelling mistakes.
13.into:
① 表示动向，“到……里”
look into the box;    walk into the room;
work far into the night;  throw a letter into fire   
② 成为、转入
make flour into bread;    put Chinese into English;
cut something into two;  
14.near:
(空间、时间、关系等) 近； 在……近旁
My house is near the river.
It is convenient living so near the station.
15.onto:
动态介词，“到….上”。
Step onto the stage;
He jump onto the horse.
16.past:
① (指时间) “过”。
Half past six;
He is past fifty.
② （指空间、地点）“过”；（从旁）“经过”。
He hurried past me without stopping to speak.
17.regarding:
关于
He spoke to me regarding his future.
18.round:
① 围绕、环绕
travel round the world;     
Birds fly round and round a lighthouse.
② 在……的四周
sit round the fire;
Tie the belt round your waist.
③ 在各处、向四周
have a look round the shop;
Let me show you round the castle.
19.through:
① 通过、穿过
The water flows through the pipe.
Light comes in through the window.
② 从头至尾、自始至终
She read through the magazine.
He sat through the concert although she didn’t enjoy it.
③ 表示方法、手段，汉语多译为“以”、“通过”。
Reach an agreement though negotiation;
It could be accomplished only though patient work.
④ 遍及、历尽
travel through the country;
he has come though many hardships.
   
20.throughout:
贯穿、遍及
throughout the nineteenth century;
It rained throughout the night.
21.under:
① 表示“在……下面”、“在……底下”。
They sheltered under un umbrella.
The police suspected that the man had something under his coat.
② 表示“在……控制或管辖之下”。
Each province was placed under a military governor.
He has been under the doctor for some weeks.
③ 表示“比……少”　或“少于”。
   No one under twenty-one can become a member of the club.
   You will not get a house of this type under five thousand pounds.
④表示“在…… 进行中”。
The subject is under discussion.
   The hospital is under construction.
22.until:
① 直到……（为止）（指时间= to the time of）
Wait until five o’clock.
② 直到……（为止）（指地点=as far as）
Go straight on until a large red building.
23.up:
① 向上、在上
   go up a hill;  
② 向上游、向内地
   sail up the river; travel up the country
三．介词习语：
1．According to:
① 依照；根据
The work has been carried out according to your instruction.
② 依……而定
Take one to three tablets, according to the severity of the pain.
The charge for the hotel accommodations is from eighteen to twenty-five pounds a week, according to the class of hotel.
2．Along with:
由……陪同（in the company of）； 和……一起（together with）
Along with each outfit there is a book of instruction.
The painting was bought, along with other pictures, by a wealthy American collector.
3．Apart from:
除……以外； 除了
Apart from a few pounds a year interest on Government stock, I have no private income.
He has no interests, apart from his work.
4．Due to:
由于；归功于
The accident was due to the carelessness of the signalman.
A power failure, due to a fault in the cable, plunged the whole town into darkness.
5．In addition to:
除……之外； 又； 加之
On the first day over three hundred people visited the exhibition, in addition to those who were present at the opening ceremony.
6．In between:
in between 和between 大致相同，不过in between 有“反复”或“再现”的意思。在get 后面往往用in between.
There are flowers in between the trees.
7．In spite of:
尽管
We had quite an enjoyable holiday, in spite of the bad weather.
8．Instead of:
“取代、代替”，但译成汉语时说“而不是”通常更为通顺。
The vegetarians present were given cheese dishes instead of meat.
We found ourselves in Birkenhead instead of Liverpool.
9．On account of:
由于、因为
Trains from Newcastle may be up to twenty minutes late, on account of repairs to the track.
On account of weather, we had to cancel the projected outing.
13.out of:
① 表示“从里面到外面”。
She took a box of chocolates out of her bag.
A stranger came out of the door.
② 表示从表面或某种物体中突出或伸出。
A nail was sticking out of the wall.
③ 表示“超出”。
Out of sight;    out of reach;      out of control
   out of all reason;    out of memory
④ 表示“没有”或“不再有”。
Out of a job;    out of work;   out of office
14.together with:
由……随同；　陪同
The Mayor and the Mayoress were present, together with the Town Clerk.
I am sending you the letter I have received from the County Council, together with a copy of my reply.