Figure of Speech
1. Simile 明喻
是比喻的一种，是对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现，且常带有比喻词，如：
Like/ seem / be something of / as /resemble/ comparable to /similar to / akin to/ be analogous to
My love is like a red, red rose. (Robert Burns)
2. Metaphor 暗喻
对两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比；所不同的是在形式上，暗喻中本体和喻体之间多通过Be 动词来联系。省掉比喻词。
明喻：Life is like an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty and dangerous surprises .
暗喻： Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns, great beauty, and dangerous surprises.
3. Personification 拟人
本质上是一种暗喻，其特点是赋予非人类范畴的东西一些人的特征。
The forest held its breath, and the trees seemed to listern intently.
The sun kissed the green fields。 The thirsty desert drank up the water.
4. Metonymy 借代/换喻
是通过借用与某种事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物。例如用单词word 来表示话语或者消息news，用硬币penny来表示钱 money.
Word comes that the Chinese government will send a pair of giant pandas to the United States.
This computer will cost you a pretty penny.
5. Antonomasia 换称
是借代的一种，所不同的是英语换称中所用的专有名词通常源于西方宗教、历史以及文学作品中的专有名词或者形象。如：
Solomon 所罗门------a wise man 聪明人， 出自圣经
Judas 犹大------ a traitor 叛徒，出自圣经
Helen 海伦----------红颜祸水，美女海伦为斯巴达王的王后，因她被帕里斯拐去而引起特洛伊战争。
Venus 维纳斯--------Beauty 美的化身，出自古希腊神话。
Reform is a Pandora’s box; opening up the system can lead to a loss of economic and political control.
6. Synecdoche 提喻
是比喻的一种，主要特点是以局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代表具体，或以具体代抽象。与换喻（借代）相比，提喻的本体和喻体之间的关系较单纯。
He has many mouths to feed in his family mouth ----people
They counted fifty sails in the harbour sails ------ships
He is a valiant heart heart -----man
提喻的本体与喻体之间的关系是局部—全体，具体—抽象之间的关系，而换喻的本体与喻体之间的关系更为复杂。
7. Analogy 类比
将两类本质上不同的事物之间的共同点加以比较，在形式上很像比喻，也用比喻词。常用来阐释复杂的概念。类比最常见的句型为 A is to B as C is to D
Food is to the body as fuel is to the engine.
Shoe is to foot as tire is to wheel
Followers are to a leader as planets are to a sun
当要解释一个比较抽象的概念时，类比可以很好地帮助你将概念形象化，具体化。
8. Parody 仿拟
是通过人们熟知的某个谚语、格言、名剧乃至文章体裁适当地改头换面而构成的一种颇为新奇的表达方式。它既仿照又变化。
Hatred begets hatred . 怨怨相报。--------
Tragedy begets tragedy . Lie begets lie.
No pains, no gains. -----
Not root, no fruit
p.s. 仿拟是学习英文格言美句的好办法，在仿拟的过程中， 还可以对固有的词组和谚语进行创新和改动，以达到修辞的效果。
Lady hermits who are down but not out (down and out 穷困潦倒)
穷困而不潦倒的女隐士们。
9. Anadiplosis 蝉联
是重复（repetition）一种变形，即在后一句的开头重复前句末尾的词语。
They call for you: the general who became a slave; the slave who became a gladiator; the gladiator who defied an Emperor
They have promised to finish the work and finish it they will.
10. Regression 回环
回环（regression）也是一种重复，它在一个句子或短文中以相反的顺序重复前面出现过的词语。回环是构成名言警句的常见手段，有很强的生命力。
It is better to make friends fast than to make fast friends.
交友要诚挚，而不是轻率地交朋友。
Flowers are lovely; lovely is flower like.
花儿可爱，可人儿如花。
Better to know everything of something than something of everything.
精通有限的领域，胜过万事都只知道点皮毛。（培根）
11. Irony 反语
又称为讽刺，通过使用与本义相反的词表示本意，来达到一种嘲弄、赞扬、幽默的效果。当然，词汇手段只是反语表达的一种。
When the doctor came, they said she had died of heart disease----of joy that kills.
It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket.
言语上的反语往往需要配合上下文来理解，它不尽然表达批评或讽刺，有些时候也能表达赞扬和幽默。
12. Paradox 反论
又称逆论或者是似是而非的隽语，即乍听似乎荒唐而实际上却有道理的某种说法。
More haste, less speed.
What is improbable is extremely probable.
From disaster fortune comes, in fortune lurks disaster.
Extremes meet 物极必反
A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody 人人友，非真友。
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
p.s. 小提示： 反论常常包含有趣的哲学思辨，是构成俗语的重要手段。圣经中就有许多内涵丰富的反论。
Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be you therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves… 我差你们去，如同羊进入狼群；所以你们要灵巧像蛇，驯良如鸽。
13. Oxymoron 矛盾修辞法
用两种不调和、甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物，在矛盾中寻求哲理，以达到修辞效果。它是反论的一种浓缩形式。
Can enemies become mortal friends ? 敌人能成为不共戴天的朋友吗？
England Harrison worte a book with the title A savage Civilization
The parental discipline can be described as cruel kindness.
小提示： 从结构上，可以把矛盾修辞法的两个相反词义关系分位反义关系和准反义关系。其中准反义关系的为多。
反义关系：
Idiotic wisdom 愚蠢的智慧
Victorious defeat 胜利的失败
Crowded solitude 拥挤的独处
Bitterly happy 苦涩的愉快
准反义关系
Cold fire 寒冷的火焰
Sweet sorrow 甜蜜的悲伤
Absolutely right 绝对的正确
A woman of devastating beauty 倾国倾城的美女
14. Paregmenon 同源格
同源修辞格是一种特殊的重复，即通过使用同一词源的不同词性或不同含义的几个词，取得重复强调或反衬对照的效果。
It will destroy the wisdom of the wise
这会损智者的智慧。
He has died a glorious death.
他光荣就义。
Home is home though never so homely.
华丽乎，简陋乎，家总是家。
Money often unmakes the men who make it.
金钱经常能瓦解那些创造它的人。
Man must change in a changing world.
人必须在变化着的世界里不断变化。
小提示： 英语词形的特殊构成（词根、前缀、后缀）使其富于同源词，许多英文的名人隽语都是用同源格构成的。
Love sought is good, but given unsought is better. (Shakespeare)
千寻百觅得来的爱情固然好，佳偶天成则更美妙。
15. Pun 双关
双关（pun）是英语修辞的一种常见形式。它巧妙地利用同音异义或者同形异义现象使一个词语或句子具有两种不同的含义。
We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin Franklin) (团结、绞死)
The friendly gardner had a lot of thyme(time) for the woman.
那位和善的园丁留了许多百里香（与“时间”谐音）给那个女人。
16. Antithesis 平行对照
是在对照的基础上形成的一种并列结构，通过并列两组内涵反差强大的词，强调其差异，有力地解释它们是一个整体的两个相反组成的侧面。(在理解时，可以把平行对照看作对照（contrast）和平行（parallelism的叠加。）)
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
That’s one small step for man; one giant leap for mankind.
17. Transferred epithet 移就
简单地说，就是把通常用来修饰甲类名词的形容词用来修饰乙类词。而其转移修饰的理由往往是由于乙类词引起了感官或者情感上对甲类词的共鸣。
There was an amazed silence. Slowly Alexander turned away.
那时鸦雀无声。然后亚历山大缓慢地转身离开。
The big man crashed down on a protesting chair.
那个肥胖的男人坐在椅子上，椅子不住地发出吱吱呀呀的响声。
He had some cheerful wine at the party.
聚会时他喝了些使人浑身来劲儿的酒。
IBM has a quite handsome increase of productivity this year.
IBM公司今年的生产率有了大幅度的提高。
The new tendency has raised many a conservative eyebrow.
这种新趋势引起了许多保守派人士的非难。
小提示： 移就又可以被细分为通感（synesthesia） 、移情（empathy）和转类(transferred epithet)。
18. Hyperbole 夸张
通过丰富的想象，在数量、形状或程度上加以渲染以增强表达效果。
Thanks a million.
They almost died laughing.
Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay.
I’m starving.
From his mouth flowed speech sweeter than money.
19. Euphemism 委婉语
用文雅、温和、含混的话语替代直接、生硬、直露的话语。它是一种常用的语言的变通形式。
The student is a bit slow for his age. (The student is stupid)
Probally he was to devote himself more diligently to his studies. (The student is lazy)
The baby wanted to answer nature’s call (The baby wanted to pass urine.)
He is likely to embroider the truth a bit. (He lies.)
20. Alliteration 头韵
是一种非常优美的修辞手段，它通过连续使用两个或多个首字母或首音节相同的单词，形成一种形式和音韵的美。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.
舒爽的清风吹，雪白的泡沫飞，积雪自在地跟随。
Mere prattle without practice is all his soldiership. (Shakespeare)
光谈理论，缺乏实战经验，这就是他当兵的德行。
小提示：
英语中德绕口令（tongue-twister）,就是头韵的集中体现。
Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers.
彼得.帕普挑了一盒腌辣椒。
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