持续性动词与终止性动词

持续性动词与终止性动词

1. 持续性动词
又称延续性动词，表示一种可持续性以持续的行为动词或状态，可以直接和表示一段时间的状语连用。延续性的动词可以和由for 或 since 引导的时间状语连用，如：
Her father has lived [in Shanghai] [for ten years].
He has lived [in Tianjin] [since 1980].
He has lived [in Tianjin] [since ten years ago].
She has lives [in Guiyang] [since she left Beijing].
I have been living [here] [for years]. 我在这里住了多年了。
We have known each other [since childhood]. 自孩提时代起我们就认识。
[Usually] [on Sundays] I sleep [until 11 a. m]. 通常星期天我睡觉睡到上午十一点钟。
常见的动词有：
drink 喝 eat 吃 fly飞 have有 keep保持 know知道 lie躺着 live住 play玩 rain下雨 read 读 run 跑 sing唱 sleep睡觉 smoke抽烟 snow下雪 stand 站 talk 说 wait 等 walk 走 wear穿 work工作
2. 终止性动词
又称非延续性动词, 表示行为或过程是瞬间完成的，不能直接和段时间状语连用，也不能直接用于while引导的时间状语从句中。
常见的动词有：
arrive到达 begin开始 borrow 借 break 打破 cause导致,引起close关闭 come 来 die 死 go走 hit击中 jump 跳 lose 丢 many结婚 open打开 put放 start开始 buy 买 fall 倒 leave离开 stop停
The poor man died [ten years ago]. 这个可怜人十年前就死了。
He has married her. 他已经娶了她。
这家人从俄罗斯刚来时，他们身无分文。
[While the family came [here] [from Russia]], they were penniless. ( X )
[When the family came [here] [from Russia]], they were penniless. (√)
3.延续性动词和短暂性动词转换
瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时，但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果短暂性动词要跟段时间状语连用，那就要将瞬间动词获得延续性。
（1）在否定句中短暂性动词转换为延续性，可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
We haven’t come [here] [for ages]. 我们好久没来这里了。
I haven’t seen him [for a long time]. 我好久没有看见他了。
She hasn’t received his letter [for three years]. 她已经三年没有收到过他的信了。
She hasn't bought any new clothes [since last year].
I haven’t borrowed the book [for a long time].
（2）短暂性性动词通过重复获取延续性
They stopped and stopped [until the teacher urged].他们停了又停直到老师催促他们。
（3）短暂性动词转化为表状态的be+名词/形容词或副词/介词短语等
go there → be there                        come here → be here
come back → be back                        die → be dead
leave → be away (from)                        open → be open
close → be closed                            go / get out → be out
finish / end → be over                        become → be
get up → be up                                begin / start → be on
fall asleep → be asleep                        fall ill → be ill
move here / there → be here / there            get to … → be at / in…
arrive at / in… → be at / in…                    reach… → be at / in
get married/married  → be married            return--be back
lose—be missing/lost                        go to bed→be in bed   
join the Party →be in the Party/be a Party member/be a member of the Party (League/army)                                join→be a member of/be in
这商店开门6小时了。
The shop has been open for 6 hours.(√)
The shop has opened for 6 hours.(x)
约翰参军有3年了。
John has joined the army for three years.(x)
John has been a member of army for three years.(√)
John joined the army three years ago.(√)
电影已经开始十分钟了。
The film has begun for ten minutes.(×)
The  film has been on  for ten minutes.(√)
The film began ten minutes ago.(√)
（4）将短暂性动词改为与其意思相近的延续性动词
borrow → keep/have                    buy → have
begin to teach → teach                    get to know →know
put on → wear/be on                    receive → have
catch a cold → have a cold                hear from → have a letter from
put  on→ be in(wear)                    go to sleep→sleep
丽丽借这本书已有七天了。
Lily has borrowed the book for seven days.(×)
Lily has kept the book for seven days.(√)
汤姆收到信已有1个月。
Tom has received the letter for one month.(×)
Tom has had the letter for one month.(√)
（5）改变时间状语和时态，用“一段时间+ago”短语替换“for+时间段”，并把现在完成时改为一般过去时。
他们离开这里已经三年了。
They left here three years ago.(√)
They left here for three years.(x)
（6）使用以下两种句型
①It’s + 时间段 + since + 从句
②时间段 + has + passed + since + 从句。如
他起床一个小时了。
It’s one hour since he got up. (√)
It has been one hour since he got up.(√)
One hour has passed since he got up.(√)
He got up for one hour.(x)
（7）持续性动词表示一时的动作，可以在该动词前加get/begin/come to，把延续性转化为短暂性。
It was [not until I failed again] that I got to realize my fault. 直到我再次失敗,我才开始认识到我的过失。
They began to see that they had made a serious mistake. 他们开始认识到他们犯了一个严重的错误。
We came to know each other [a score of years ago]. 我们在二十年前就相识了。
知识积累：
在现在完成时中有几组词应区分清楚：
1.have/has gone to 已经去了某地。(或许在去的路途
中，或许已到达到目的地，但还不有回来。)
2.have/has  been  to…曾经到过某地，但现在不在该地。
3.have/has  been  in…一直在某地，现在也在该地。
如：He has gone to Shanghai. 他已前往上海。(或许在去上海的路途中，或许已到达
上海，但现在还没有回来。)
Bruce has been to America. 布鲁斯曾经去过美国。(说话人认为布鲁斯过去到过美
国，但现在不在美国。)
I have been in Guangzhou since 1987. 自从1987年以来，我一直在广州。
实战演练：
He has been away from Beijing for two years.  
= He ____ Beijing two years ago.
When did the train arrive here？
How long ____ the train ____ here？
The old man died 4 years ago.  
= The old man ____ ____ ____ for 4 years.
He has been away from Beijing for two years。   
= He ____ Beijing two years ago。  
= It is ____ ____ ____ he left Beijing.  
= Two years ____ ____ since he left Beijing.