助动词

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最后更新:2025-01-01
英语知识
英语知识: Grammar语法 » 动词 » 助动词
助动词
助动词本身没有意义,只是帮助实义动词完成某些语法功能,如表示时态、语态、语气, 构成否定句、疑问句等, 不能单独作谓语。助动词主要有be, do, have, shall, will 等。
(l) be
be用作助动词和它用作连系动词时一样,有人称、数和时态等变化。可与现在分词构成进行时态,与过去分词构成被动语态。
现在时态过去时态现在分词过去分词
第一人称
单数
am
was
being
been
复数
are
were
第二人称
单/复数
are
were
第三人称
单数
is
was
复数
are
were
Were you sleeping [when I called [last evening]]? 昨天晚上我打电话时你在睡觉吗?(were与sleeping一起构成谓语,并表示过去进行时态)
You are wanted [on the phone], Miss Green. 有你的电话,格林小姐。(are与wanted一起构成谓语,表示一般现在时的被动语态)
(2) have
肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式
原形
have
’ve
have not
haven’t, ‘ve not
现在时第三人称单数
has
’s
has not
hasn't, ‘s not
过去式
had
’d
had not
hadn’t,  ‘d not
助动词have的用法:
①构成完成时态 has和have用于现在完成时态,had用于过去完成时态。
Pamela has phoned me [about your coming]. 帕梅拉已打电话把你要来的事告诉我了。
I haven’t heard from her [since she left China]. 自她离开中国我就未收到她的来信。
I had read this book [long before it reached China]. 该书在被介绍到中国之前很久我就读过了。
②构成虚拟语气
在表示对“过去”的虚拟时,if从句中用had done 结构(过去完成时),主句中用 would/could/might/should have done(过去将来完成时)。
[If they had had time [yesterday]],they would certainly have come and helped us. 如果他们昨天有时间,他们一定会来帮助我们。
(3) do
肯定式否定式缩略否定式
原形
do
do not
don’t
现在时第三人称单数
does
does not
过去式
did
did not
didn’t

①助动词do主要用来帮助实义动词构成否定句或疑问句。
I like coffee, but my parents don’t. 我喜欢咖啡,但我父母不喜欢
Do you often carry a camera? 你经常带着相机吗?
I didn’t know you were coming [until Friday]. 我直到星期五才知道你要来。
②“do not/don’t+动词原形”构成否定的祈使句。
Don’t be so careless. 不要那么粗心大意。
③在谓语动词前用来加强语气。
I do wish you will come. 我真的希望你会来。
She does like ice cream! 她真的太爱冰激凌了!
They did go [there]. 他们的确去了那里。
③用于部分倒装句中,hardly、never、rarely、little 等词位于句首时助动词提前。
Never did I expect to see him there. 我从到会在那里看到他。
④do还可用来代替实义动词,以避免重复。
He works [even harder] [than you do]. 他工作起来甚至比你还要努力
— Have you written [to her] yet? 你已经写信给她了吗?
— Yes. I did [yesterday]. 是的。昨天写了。
温馨提示
do不能代替be或其他助动词和情态动词。do本身可作实义动词,这时在疑问句和否定句中仍要加助动词。
What did you do [this morning]? 你今天早上做什么了?
(4) will,would,shall, should
will, shall用于构成一般将来时, would, should用于构成过去将来时。shall, should主要用于第一人称, will,would可用于一切人称。

肯定式缩略肯定式否定式缩略否定式
will
’ll
will not
won’t,  ’ll not
would
’d
would not
wouldn't,  ’d not
shall
’ll
shall not
shan’t
should
’d
should not
shouldn’t

They said it would be fine the next day. 他们说第二天会好的。
I shall let you <know> [as soon as I get the news]. 我一得到消息就告诉你。
We shan’t come back [today]. 今天我们不回来了。
We thought we should never see you again. 我们原以为再到你了。
温馨提示
①will, would, shall, should除了表示单纯的将来时间以外,更多的情况是用作情态动词。
②shall, should用于第一人称表示单纯的将来时,在现代英语中常用will, would替代。


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