定语从句专项语法

定语从句专项语法
一，认识定语从句和关系词
1.在复合句中，修饰名词或代词(也可以是句子）的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。
This is the place which is worth visiting.(一个词)
I took an old man to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why I was late that morning.(一个完整的句子)
2.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中作句子成分。指人的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that;指物的关系代词有which, as, whose, that。关系副词有when, where, why。
二，定语从句常考点
1.下列情况一般只能用that:
①当先行词为all/few/little/much/the one/none/some/anything/something/nothing./everything等时
②当先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时
③当先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时
④当先行词为人、物并用时
⑤当先行词被all/every/no/some/any/little/much/the only/the very/the right/the last/few/just the等修饰时
⑥当主句是以who, which开头的特殊疑问句时
A wise man thinks all ______he says, a fool says all ______he thinks.
Anything _______ can burn is a source of heat energy.
This is the best book _______ has appeared this year.
That's the most expensive hotel ______ we've ever stayed in.
He was the first ______ came and the last _____ went.
They talked about things and persons ______they remembered in school.
There is no difficulty ______we can't overcome.
Man is the only animal ______has the power of speech.
Who is the person ______ is standing at the gate?
Which is the novel ______you like best?
2. 表示时间、地点、原因、方式的先行词作定语从句谓语动词的主语、宾语时，应用that或which，即句子意思不完整，缺成分。如句子意思相对完整，只缺状语，则用关系副词when, where, why，可以换成相应的介词+which。
This is the day when(on which) he went to college.
This is the day(which/that)he will never forget.
This is the place where(in which) he used to live.
This is the place(which/that)he visited before.
I believe the reason why(for which) he was late for school.
I believe the reason(which/that)he gives me about it.
3.介词+关系代词(“介词十whom”指人，“介词+which”指物)选择介词具体方法是：
①根据定语从句中动词或形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来选择适当的介词
②根据先行词选择适当的关系代词
③依据所表达的意思确定
This is the girl __________ I learned the news.
=This is the girl (whom/that/who)I learned the news from.
He shows me some old coins _________I am not familiar.
Who is the girl __________ _you just shake hands?
Water is a liquid, ___________we can't live.
介词+关系词引导的定语从句的几个特殊用法：
.Jack was a famous doctor, with _______ help (=and with his help),they succeeded in an operation.
.He may be late, in _______case(and in this case)we ought to wait for him.
.She climbed up to the top of the hill, ________she could have a good view of the whole town.
That was in 1949,since _______(=and since then)things have been better.
4.名词或代词等+介词+关系代词(表整体与部分关系）：此类结构常见的词有one/ two/ both/ all/ some/ most/ several/ few/ a few/ little/ a little/ many/ more/ much/ none/half/ the最高级/the比较级/百分数/分数等of which/whom等形式
There are 40 students in our class, most of ______(=and most of them)are from the south.
I picked up the apples, eighty percent of _______ (=and eighty percent of them)were bad.
There are two buildings, the larger of _______(and the larger of them)stands nearly 100 feet high.
5.关系代词whose与of whom/of which转换：
先行词是人：Whose+名词=the+名词+of whom或 of whom+the+名词
先行词是物：Whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词
①Boys _______diet is high in fat gain weight easily.
=Boys the diet of _______is high in fat gain weight easily.
=Boys of _______the diet is high in fat gain weight easily.
②The magazine _______cover is broken is mine.
=The magazine the cover of _______was broken is mine.
=The magazine of ________ the cover was broken is mine.
6.当先行词为case/ condition/ situation/ position / stage/ state/ point/ instance/ scene/ activity/ job/ atmosphere/ occasion（场合）等名词表示模糊地点，且定语从句结构完整时用关系副词where引导定语从句。当先行词为interval（间隔，间歇）/occasion（时刻）/age/period等表示模糊时间，且定语从句结构完整时用关系副词when。
There are some cases,________ the rule doesn't hold good.
This is a job _______ you can learn something.
Adolescence is the age ________Children try to bring up their parents.
7.as,which引导定语从句的区别
.as引导限制性定语从句常和the same/such/as/so等连用，在从句中常作主语、宾语等。
.as引导的非限制性定语从句通常指代先行句，从句的位置很灵活，可位
于句首、句中或句末，翻译为“正如，就像”等。 which引导非限制性定语从句可以指代先行词或先行句，不能位于句首,翻译为“这一点”或不翻译出来。
①As(宾语)we all know, Taiwan belongs to China.
→As(主语)is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China.
→It is well known to all that Taiwan belongs to China.
→What is well known to all is that Taiwan belongs to China.
②As(主语)was expected, he completed the task with success.
③The small town, which he once visited, has become a modern city.(在句中作宾语)
④The sun heats the earth, which(=and it) makes it possible for plants to grow.
.as构成的短语：as is known to all(as we all know)众所周知/as expected正如所料/as mentioned above如上所述/as explained before如前所释/as scheduled如期/as has been stated如前所述/as has been proved业已证明/as is often the case通常如此/as is shown in the graph如图所示/as an/the old saying goes常言道/as sb. puts/put it正如某人所说
8.定语从句与其他句式的转换
The road which is under way will soon be completed.
=The road under way will soon be completed.
Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?
=Who is the girl ________ to Tom in English?
He is reading the novel which is written by Mo Yan.
=He is reading the novel ________by Mo Yan.
The fire lasted a night and caused great damage.
=The fire lasted a night,______________great damage.（转换成定语从句）
=The fire lasted a night,___________great damage.（转换成非谓语动词）
There are more than 4,000 students in our school, the majority of whom study hard.
=There are more than 4,000 students in our school, and the majority of _______study hard.
9.定语从句中的主谓一致
①关系代词在句中作主语，从句谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致。
Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
②先行词为“one of-复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用复数形式；先行词为“the(only/very/right)one of+复数名词”时，从句谓语动词用单数形式。
She is one of the staff who are qualified for the job.
她是能胜任这项工作的员工之一。(staff表复数意义)
She is the only one of the staff who is qualified for the job.
她是唯一一个能胜任这项工作的员工。
10.同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
①在先行词十that从句中，如果去掉先行名词，句意完整属于同位语从句(说明that无意义，不做成分）；句意不完整属于定语从句（that代替先行词，在句中做主语或宾语）。
②在先行名词+when, where, how等+从句中，先行名词与when, where, how等连词概念一致属于定语从句，概念不一致属于同位语从句。
判断下列句子是定语从句还是同位语从句：
The fact that we were surprised at is known to all._____________
The fact that we were surprised at it is known to all.____________
I have no idea when she will be back.____________
I don't know the time when she will be back.___________
巩固练习：
I.单句语填
1.The old man has three sons, none of_________is a doctor.
=The old man has three sons, but none of_________is a doctor.
2.There are many good websites ________you can check out the latest research and discoveries in the science world.
3.I refuse to accept the blame for something_______was someone else's fault.
4.He is the one_______always laughs at me.
5.The majority of the ads were also promoting extra-curricular education institutions, _______have been condemned for putting extra academic pressure on students.
6.In the past few years,　more than half of the bookstores in China have closed down, _______is the result of the competition with online bookstores.
7.He attended a meeting yesterday, after________he gave Mary a ring.
8.The books on the desk, _______covers are shiny, are prizes for us.
9.They were well trained by their masters _______had great experience with caring for these animals.
10.After living in Australia for many years, Louise finally returned to the country _______she was born.
11.The store_______I bought my textbooks is having a sale this week.
12.My eldest son,_______work takes him all over world, is in New York at the moment.
13.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,________I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
14.The number of smokers,_______is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.
15.Tony is such a lazy man_______nobody wants to work with.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.These houses are sold at such a low price that people expected.
2.It's a black square suitcase, what is just as big as a schoolbag.
3.When I was 12,I met Mary. She came to China with her parents, whom taught English in a university.
4.The house I grew up in it has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
5.An ecosystem consists of the living and unliving things in an area where interact with each other.
6.The young man soon spent the money, most of that was earned in a dishonest way.
7.The subject Jim takes great interest in it is physics, which makes him want to be a scientist.
8. I can remember the days when we spent in the countryside together.
9.Mr. Zhang is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school.
10.The reason why he explained at the meeting surprised us.

定语从句答案

二，1，全部填that（做宾语时可省略）

3, from whom  with which  with whom  without which

Whose  which  from where  when

4,whom  which  which

5,whose  whom  whom  whose  which  which

6,where  where  when

8,talking  written  which caused  causing

10,定语从句  同位语从句  同位语从句  定语从句

巩固练习：

单句语填1,whom  them 2,where 3,that 4,that 5,which 6,which 7,which 8,whose 9,who 10,where 11,where 12,whose 13,when 14,as 15,as

单句改错1,that-as 2,what-which 3,whom-who 4,去掉it 5,where-which 6,that-which 7,去掉it 8,when-that/which 或去掉when9,know-knows 10why-that/which或去掉why