冠词、代词和数词的专项语法

冠词、代词和数词的专项语法

冠词
冠词分为定冠词（the）和不定冠词（a/an）和零冠词（不用冠词）
一、不定冠词，表泛指，指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物译为“一”
① a用在辅音音素前
a university[ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəti], a useful book, a universal language, a unique species, a uniform, a European country
a one-way street/road（单行道）
② an 用于元音音素前
an umbrella[ʌmˈbrelə], an uncle, an unhappy boy, an ugly man, an article, an unusual day
an apple, an hour, an honest man, an interesting book, an agreement, an oil-painting
③ 不定冠词常用于抽象名词具体化
a success/failure/comfort/concern/worry/wonder/shock/surprise/pleasure/delight/pity/pride/danger/beauty
an experience（经历）/an honor
不定冠词固定搭配：a waste of time, all of a sudden, at a loss, as a result, a couple of, in a word, in a way/to a degree/to an extent, in a hurry, quite a few, pay a visit to, once upon a time, as a matter of fact, have a good knowledge/command of, go for a walk, have a look/try/break/ rest/bath, have a cold/cough/fever/headache, have a gift for, have a taste for, have a good time, make a face, make an effort, make a living, do sb. a favor, keep an eye on, lend/give sb. a hand, play a role/part in, cover an area of, reach a height of, have an income of, with a history of......
二、定冠词the，表特指上文已提到的人或事物，也可以指说话双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。
①  the sun/the moon表独一无二的事物
② 用在序数词和形容词最高级或者对两个人/事物进行比较时的比较级前面和用在the same/only/very +名词的结构中，如： one of the +adj最高级+可数n复       make the best/most of=make full use of
E.g. She is the taller of the two girls.
③“the+比较级，the+比较级”
④ 用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”“某某夫妇”如：the Browns, the whites等
⑤ in/for/over the past/last few/或任意基数词years    在过去的几年里（常用于现在完成时）
⑥ the+adj表示某一类人或事物，如：the elderly/senior/young/poor/rich/dead/wounded
⑦ the用于表示朝代，年代的名词前或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代
in the 1980’s/1980s在20世纪80年代, in the sixties, the Ming Dynasty明朝
⑧ 固定结构“动词+sb.+介词(on/in/by)+the+表示身体某一部位的名词”如：
hit sb on the head/pat sb on the shoulder/hit sb in the face/catch sb by the arm
定冠词固定词组：at the age of, in the countryside, in the form/shape of, at the top/bottom/foot of, with the help of, with the development of, in the morning/afternoon/evening, in the middle of, in the hope of, in the distance, on the contrary, on (the) one hand, on the other hand, in the end, on the spot/scene, to tell the truth, by the way, at the same time.......
三、零冠词的用法
① 表球类，棋类(play chess)，星期，月份，季节，一日三餐(have breakfast/lunch/dinner)的名词前不加冠词
② 表示独一无二的职位、头衔和称呼的名词作表语，同位语，补足语等时，其前不加冠词。
e.g. He was elected chairman.（作补足语）   He was once mayor of this city.（作表语）
Tom, mayor of the city, visited our school last week. （作同位语）
③ 与by连用的交通工具名词前不加冠词，如，by subway/taxi/bus/by car/by bike/by train/by land/by sea/by air......
④ man“表人类”,word 作“消息、信息”
零冠词固定搭配：at present, in peace, on purpose, ahead of time/in advance, by law, under repair, day and night, in danger, take part in, in fact, at peace/war, in place of（取代）, in nature, in space, in society
四、有无冠词的区别
比较： take part in/take an active part in     go to sea  出海（是海员）/ go to the sea  去海边（不一定是海员）   
      in front of（在外部）前面/in the front of（在内部）的前面    by sea坐船/ by the sea在海边　
   in charge of 掌管/ in the charge of 由...掌管        in possession of占有/in the possession of由……占有
   a very most interesting book 一本非常有趣的书/ the most interesting book　最有趣的一本书   
go to church 去做礼拜/go to the church 去教堂      in prison 坐牢/in the prison 在监狱里
      out of question  毫无疑问/ out of the question  不可能        by day 白天/   by the day 按日计算        
代词
一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词一览表
  人称
分类      单　数    复　数
    一    二    三    一    二    三
人称代
词主格    I    you    he, she, it    we    you    they
人称代
词宾格    me    you    him, her, it    us    you    them
形容词性
物主代词    my    your    his, her, its    our    your    their
名词性物
主代词    mine    yours    his, hers, its    ours    yours    theirs
反身代词    myself    yourself    himself, herself, itself    ourselves    yourselves    themselves
反身代词固定搭配：
for yourself亲自；by itself自动地；to oneself独享的；by oneself独自，单独；enjoy oneself玩的愉快；behave yourself规矩点；relax oneself放松自己；absent oneself缺席；devote oneself to doing献身于，专心于；apply oneself to专心致志于；adapt oneself to适应；make oneself at home不要客气；seat oneself/sit坐；think for oneself独立思考；be(not)oneself在/不在状态；come to oneself=regain self-control or consciousness恢复知觉，苏醒；help oneself擅自拿走
二、不定代词
1. both, all, either, any, neither, none的区别   
    都    任何一个    都不
两者    both    either    neither
三者或以上    all    any    none
2.one, another, the other, some, others, the others的区别
    一个/一些    另一个/一些    剩余的一个/一些
单数    one    another    the other
复数    some    others    the others
注意：the other后边通常加可数名词的单数或复数，而the rest of（剩余的）后边既可以加可数名词单数或复数，也可以加不可数名词。
三、it，that，one易混辨析
it    意为“它”， 替代上文提到的同一事物，不能带任何修饰语
that    意为“那个”，指代那类人或事物，既可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词，也可以指代单数可数名词。指代单数可数名词时相当于the one，其复数是those，相当于the ones
one    意为“一个”，指代前面出现过的那类事物中的“一个”， 其复数是ones
四、that和those比较
Eg. The weather of Kuming is better than that of Beijing. 昆明的天气要比北京的天气好。
   The novels by Dickens are better than those by Wells. 狄更斯的小说比韦尔斯的好。
It的固定结构：make it成功做到/manage it勉强完成/get it 明白
① I take it that…我想   ② I hate/like it when…  ③ I can’t help it if…我也无能为力……
④ I would appreciate it if…我将不胜感激……    ⑤ I don’t mind it if…我不介意…
⑥ Please see to it that=make sure that…请务必…，请确保…   
⑦ You can depend/rely/count on it that…相信，依赖…
⑧ As someone puts it, practice makes perfect.     ⑨ When it comes to…当涉及，当谈到……
⑩ It is/was the first/second time +that从句（从句谓语用现在完成时have/has done/had done） 某人第几次做某事
It is (about/high) time +that 从句（从句谓语可用did或 should+do） 某人该做某事了
one’s的固定搭配
do/try one’s best/with all one’s strength全力以赴  with one’s own eyes亲眼 at one’s convenience在方便的时候     change one’s mind/make up one’s mind   of one’s own某人自己的  on one’s own独立  take one’s place取代     
to one’s surprise令某人惊讶的是...    make/earn one’s living 谋生   keep one’s word 守信  lose one’s way 迷路        make one’s way 前往
数词
1.数词的分类
（1）基数词：one, two, thirteen, fifty, one hundred, two thousand, ten million
（2）序数词：first, second third, fourth, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, fortieth, ninetieth
（3）分数：  one third, two-thirds, two-fifths, three quarters
（4）百分数（基数词+percent）：ten percent, forty percent
（5）倍数： twice, double, three times
2.“数词+普通名词+形容词”构成的合成形容词中，数词和普通名词都要用单数形式。
a three-year-old boy/ a boy aged three /a boy at the age of three/ a boy of three/a boy who is three一个三岁的男孩
a two-mile-long walk两英里长的步行
3. 基数词中表示“几十”的复数形式可以表达人的岁数或年代，如：
in his fifties（在他50几岁时），in the fifties（在50年代），in the 1880s/1880’s（在19世纪80年代）
4.在hundred, thousand和million, billion dozen（12个，一打）, score（20）等前面有基数词或several时，只能用单数形式，若表示不确定的数目的数百，数千，数百万等时，就一定要在它们的复数形式上加“of”。如：
five hundred students（500名学生） three score years（60年）  dozens of cities（几十座城市）
hundreds of（几百人）   thousands of（成千上万）  millions of（数百万）
5.分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子大于一时，分母的序数词要用复数，表示几分之几的人或物时，要用介词of，若作主语时谓语动词与of后的名词一致。如：one half/a half 二分之一
two fifths （五分之二）one third=one in three=one out of three （三分之一 ）one quarter/one fourth （四分之一）
E.g. Two fifths of the land in that district is covered with threes and grass.
       　1. A＋be＋倍数＋as＋adj./adv.原级＋as＋B
                 2. A＋be＋倍数＋adj./adv.比较级＋than＋B
6. 倍数表达法：     3. A＋be＋倍数＋the＋名词(size/weight/length...)＋of＋B
       　4. A＋be＋倍数＋what从句，表示“A是……的多少倍”
The new stadium being built will be twice as big as the playground. (as...as)
The new stadium being built will be twice the size of the playground. (size)
The new stadium being built will be twice bigger than the playground. (than)
7. 大约：about/nearly/around…/…or so 超过：over/more than，少于less than, 达到up to
8. 其他表达法：①another two/few/several/+复数n=two more+复数n.“再…” ②two other+复n“另外”
③every four days=every fourth day   ④a/an+序数词+单数名词“又/再一”再次“a third time”
冠词、代词和数词的专项练习
（一）冠词在语法填空和短文改错中的应用
1.Paper cutting is _______ unique form of Chinese cultural relics.
2.As is known to us, science plays ____ important role in our education.
3.First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get _____ second chance to make _______ first impression.
4.Table tennis is a fast, demanding sport and has _____ most players of all sports in the world.
5.Tom has got more money than John, so he is _____ richer of the two.
6._____ more learned a man is, ____ more modest he usually becomes.
7.Later, hongbao developed into a blessing on ______ young.
8.Lucy is ______ success in the mid-term exam.
9.Tom was elected ______ monitor of Class 9.
10.In _____ 1870’s, when Marx was already in _____ fifties, he found it important to study the situation in Russia, so he began to learn Russian.
11.As the result, their communication with people becomes less and less.（改错）
12.Keeping a diary is a good habit, by which you will make a great progress.（改错）
13.It is the honor for me to teach you.（改错）
14.Every boy and girl is treated in a same way.（改错）
15.Tom went to hospital to visit his sick uncle.（改错）
（二）代词的应用
1.To save class time, our teacher has ______ students do half of the exercise in class and complete the other half for our homework.
2._____ is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system.
3.Susan made ______ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself.
4.This is 18-year-old John’s story about how first aid saved ______ life.
5.Jack believes that he knows his wife’s business better than she knows it _______.
6.In many ways, the education system in the US is not very different from ______ in the UK.
7.The story conveys a strong message, _______ that will hopefully touch all who read it.
8.The meeting will be held in September, but ______ knows the date for sure.
9.She’d lived in London and Manchester, but she liked ________ and moved to Cambridge.
10.—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow _____?
—No, I’d rather buy ______ in the bookstore.
（三） 数词的应用
1.It is reported that the floods have left about two___________ (thousand) people homeless.
2.There are ______ months in a year and December is the ________ month of the year.
3.There are forty students in their class. Ten of them are girls and three _______ (four) are boys.
4.It is reported that two thirds of the population of China _________ (be) peasants.
5.She went to the bookstore and bought _______ (ten) of books yesterday.