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Grammar语法 » 动词 » 助动词 |
助动词
助动词本身没有意义,只是帮助实义动词完成某些语法功能,如表示时态、语态、语气, 构成否定句、疑问句等, 不能单独作谓语。助动词主要有be, do, have, shall, will 等。
(l) be
be用作助动词和它用作连系动词时一样,有人称、数和时态等变化。可与现在分词构成进行时态,与过去分词构成被动语态。
| | 现在时态 | 过去时态 | 现在分词 | 过去分词 | 第一人称 | 单数 | am | was | being | been | 复数 | are | were | 第二人称 | 单/复数 | are | were | 第三人称 | 单数 | is | was | 复数 | are | were | Were you sleeping [when I called [last evening]]? 昨天晚上我打电话时你在睡觉吗?(were与sleeping一起构成谓语,并表示过去进行时态)
You are wanted [on the phone], Miss Green. 有你的电话,格林小姐。(are与wanted一起构成谓语,表示一般现在时的被动语态)
(2) have
| 肯定式 | 缩略肯定式 | 否定式 | 缩略否定式 | 原形 | have | ’ve | have not | haven’t, ‘ve not | 现在时第三人称单数 | has | ’s | has not | hasn't, ‘s not | 过去式 | had | ’d | had not | hadn’t, ‘d not | 助动词have的用法:
①构成完成时态 has和have用于现在完成时态,had用于过去完成时态。
Pamela has phoned me [about your coming]. 帕梅拉已打电话把你要来的事告诉我了。
I haven’t heard from her [since she left China]. 自她离开中国我就未收到她的来信。
I had read this book [long before it reached China]. 该书在被介绍到中国之前很久我就读过了。
②构成虚拟语气
在表示对“过去”的虚拟时,if从句中用had done 结构(过去完成时),主句中用 would/could/might/should have done(过去将来完成时)。
[If they had had time [yesterday]],they would certainly have come and helped us. 如果他们昨天有时间,他们一定会来帮助我们。
(3) do
| 肯定式 | 否定式 | 缩略否定式 | 原形 | do | do not | don’t | 现在时第三人称单数 | does | does not | | 过去式 | did | did not | didn’t |
①助动词do主要用来帮助实义动词构成否定句或疑问句。
I like coffee, but my parents don’t. 我喜欢咖啡,但我父母不喜欢
Do you often carry a camera? 你经常带着相机吗?
I didn’t know you were coming [until Friday]. 我直到星期五才知道你要来。
②“do not/don’t+动词原形”构成否定的祈使句。
Don’t be so careless. 不要那么粗心大意。
③在谓语动词前用来加强语气。
I do wish you will come. 我真的希望你会来。
She does like ice cream! 她真的太爱冰激凌了!
They did go [there]. 他们的确去了那里。
③用于部分倒装句中,hardly、never、rarely、little 等词位于句首时助动词提前。
Never did I expect to see him there. 我从到会在那里看到他。
④do还可用来代替实义动词,以避免重复。
He works [even harder] [than you do]. 他工作起来甚至比你还要努力
— Have you written [to her] yet? 你已经写信给她了吗?
— Yes. I did [yesterday]. 是的。昨天写了。
温馨提示
do不能代替be或其他助动词和情态动词。do本身可作实义动词,这时在疑问句和否定句中仍要加助动词。
What did you do [this morning]? 你今天早上做什么了?
(4) will,would,shall, should
will, shall用于构成一般将来时, would, should用于构成过去将来时。shall, should主要用于第一人称, will,would可用于一切人称。
肯定式 | 缩略肯定式 | 否定式 | 缩略否定式 | will | ’ll | will not | won’t, ’ll not | would | ’d | would not | wouldn't, ’d not | shall | ’ll | shall not | shan’t | should | ’d | should not | shouldn’t |
They said it would be fine the next day. 他们说第二天会好的。
I shall let you <know> [as soon as I get the news]. 我一得到消息就告诉你。
We shan’t come back [today]. 今天我们不回来了。
We thought we should never see you again. 我们原以为再到你了。
温馨提示
①will, would, shall, should除了表示单纯的将来时间以外,更多的情况是用作情态动词。
②shall, should用于第一人称表示单纯的将来时,在现代英语中常用will, would替代。
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