非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词的定义
非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式 to do 、 V .- ing 和 V .- ed 。
二、非谓语动词的含义：
I . to do 表“为了做”、“结果（常指意料外的结果）”时，常做目的状语和结果状语；表“要去”、“将要”时，常做定语或表语等。
2. doing 带有“主动”或“正在／一直进行中”的含义；表情绪的 V.- ing 常表“令人感到…”的含义。
3. done 带有“被动”或“已经完成”的含义；表情绪的 V .- ed 常表“感到…”的含义。
二、非谓语动词的形式和功能：在句中充当除谓语之外的其他成分（主语、宾语、宾补、表语、定语、状语等）。注意：过去分词 done 不能充当主语和宾语； having ( been ) done 不能作主语或定语。
种类 时态 主动 被动
不定式 一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
V .- ing 一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
V.-ed 一般式 done
考点归纳：
一、不定式 to do 与 V .- ing 作主语
Eating is an important thing.（泛指一般的、通常的行为）
To visit China is my next goal.（特指一次具体行为或将来动作）
常考固定句型
(1) It’s + adj./n+( for / of sb .)+ to do sth .
(2) It’ s no use /no good / no fun / no pleasure/no value/a waste of time doing sth .
(3)There is no doing/There is no point doing
二、不定式、V.-ing、V.-ed作表语
不定式、V.-ing作表语无本质区别，一般可以互换。
1.My hobby is collecting/to collect ancient coins.
但当主语是aim,purpose,ability,idea,intention,plan,wish,decision,ambition,choice及what引导的主语从句时，常用动词不定式to do
2.V.-ing和V.-ed作表语相当于形容词，但要注意二者的区别：V.-ed表感到...一般修饰人；V.-ing表令人...一般修饰物
3.常考考点： Sth remains to be done...（某事）有待做
It still remains to be seen whether the differences appear to cause big problems.
三、不定式 to do 与 V .- ing 作宾语
1．常接不定式作宾语的动词，（请重点记忆）:
decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,afford,manage,pretend;offer,promise,choose,
plan;agree,ask/beg,help
记忆口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝付起设法装，主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。
2.常接 V .- ing 作宾语的动词，（请重点记忆）
avoid,miss,delay;suggest,finish,practice;enjoy,imagine,resist;admit,deny,envy;escape,risk,pardon;stand,keep,mind.
记忆口诀：避免错过少延期，建议完成多练习，喜欢想象禁不住，承认否定与妒忌，逃脱冒险莫原谅，忍受保持不在意。
3.分动词后即可接不定式也可接 V .- ing 作宾语，但意思有很大差别：
remember to do sth 记住要做某事（未做） remember doing sth .记得做过某事（已做）
forget to do sth 忘记去做某事（未做） forget doing sth ．忘记做过某事（已做）
regret to do sth 遗憾要做某事（未做）regret doing sth .后悔／抱歉做过某事（已做）
try to do sth努力做某事 try doing sth尝试做某事
mean to do sth计划做某事 mean doing sth 意味着做某事
can’t help to do sth不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing sth情不自禁做某事
go on to do sth继续做另一件事 go on doing sth继续做同一件事
stop to do sth停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth停下正在做的事
4.一些动词后既可接不定式也可接V.-ing作宾语，意义基本无差异，如：begin doing/to do, start doing/to do,like doing/to do,continue doing/to do等。I like reading/to read English novels.
5.常考考点：
pretend to do（假装要做） pretend to be doing （假装正在做）pretend to have done（假装做了）
happen to do （碰巧要做）happen to be doing （碰巧正在做）happen to have done（碰巧做了）
seem/appear to do（似乎要做） /to be doing（似乎正在做）/to have done（似乎做了）
四、不定式、 V .- ing 、 V .- ed 作定语
1．不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示未发生的动作或通常发生的某一动作。
①名词常被first,last,second,only,enough以及adj最高级等修饰
He is always the first to come and the last to leave .
②常见的可跟不定式作定语的名词有：
ability,ambition,attempt,chance.decision,desire,determination,dream,eagerness,excuse,failure,intention,need,offer,opportunity,order,permission,plan,preparation,promise,proposal,reason,refusal,reluctance,tendency,time,way,willingness,wish
2. V .- ing 做定语，①常常表示主动或正在进行的动作。Do you know the man sitting there? The building being built now is our stadium .
②表示被修饰词的某种用途，位于名词前a walking stick/a reading room
3. V .- ed 作定语表示被动、或完成的意义。 a broken glass/I received a letter written in English.
4.V .- ed 和 V .- ing 作定语相当于形容词的区别： V .- ed 表“感到…”; V .- ing 表“令人…”。
an interesting movie 一部有趣的电影 a frightened girl 一个害怕的女孩
但 V .-ed 可用在表示情绪的词语中，需特别记忆： a puzzled expression 困惑的表情 a determined look 一个坚定的眼神an excited scream 激动的尖叫声a satisfied smile 满意的微笑a frightened cry 害怕的哭叫声
5．比较下列不定式、 V .- ing 、 V.- ed 作定语并表示被动的区别
The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of great significance .将要讨论的问题
The problem being discussed at the meeting is of great significance .正在讨论的问题
The problem discussed at the meeting yesterday was of great significant.讨论过的问题
五、不定式、 V .- ing 、 V .- ed 作宾语补足语
1．带 to 的不定式做宾语补足语的动词（短语）：如 ask , invite,tell , want,wish,expect,beg,request,
require,advise,order,force,cause,allow,permit,forbid,warn,remind,teach,send,call on,wait for,would like/love,prefer,instruct , persuade , encourage 等表示劝请，邀请类动词，即 ask sb .( not ) to do 等结构。其被动结构为： sb be asked ( not ) to do sth .
2．部分动词后需使用不带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，
一感：feel二听：hear，listen to三让：have，let，make四看：see，watch，notice，observe半帮助：help sb to do/do sth即 see sb . do 等结构，常表示动作的整个过程；但在被动语态中仍需使用带 to 的不定式，sb be made to do. He was made to sit in a front seat for his poor eyesight .
3．常考考点：
(1) see / notice / watch / observe /look at/ hear /listen to/feel/have＋宾语＋ do （全过程）/ doing （正在进行）/ done （被动）
(2) make＋宾语＋do(主动)/ done(被动）
(3) let＋宾语+ do（主动）/be done（被动）
(4) get/leave＋宾语＋to do(主动)/ doing(进行）/done(被动）
(5) find＋宾语＋doing（进行）/ done （被动）/to be(是...)
find/make/consider/think/feel+it （形式宾语）+adj/n +to do
(6) catch /keep sb + doing …抓到某人正在做．…
(7) with/without 的复合结构： with/without +宾语+ doing（主动、进行)/done (被动、完成) / to do (将来，无被动）
六、不定式、 V .- ing 、 V .- ed 作状语
1．不定式作状语通常表示：
(1）原因（多用在表示喜、怒、哀、乐等形容词后面）。happy,lucky,sorry,proud,disappointed,surprised,
ready,delighted,clever,foolish,pleased等。
(2)目的（可用 so as to , in order to 替换，但 so as to 不能用于句首）。
(3)结果（only to do表出乎意料的结果）He hurried to the train station,only to be told the train had left.结果被告知...
(4)常考的评论性状语（插入语），请牢记：
to be frank/honest 坦率地说to be sure毫无疑问 to be short 长话短说to tell the truth说实话 to make matters worse更糟糕地是 to begin with首先 to sum up总的来说
2.V.-ing做状语可表示时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随、方式、目的以及作评论性状语等。它与句子的主语构成主动关系。
① V.-ing的一般式（doing）作状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时发生或相继发生。完成式（having done）作状语，往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生。Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
Having finished his speech,he answered our questions.
Having been shown around the classrooms,we were taken to see the library.
②作评论性状语，有些惯用的分词短语在句中可以独立存在，它们用来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等。常见的评论性状语，请牢记： generaly speaking 一般说来strictly / technically speaking 严格地说来 honestly / frankly speaking 说实话allowing for / considering 考虑到 roughly speaking 大致说来judging from / by 由…判断
3. V .- ed 在句中可作时间、原因、条件、伴随、方式状语。它与句子的主语构成被动关系。
① Infected with the HIN1, the little boy was separated from the other children .
②某些 V.- ed 已经形容词化，常常出现于一些系表结构中，或单独拿出来作状语。此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态。这样的词有： lost 迷路的， seated 坐， hidden 躲， lost / absorbed in 沉溺于， dressed in 穿着， tired of 感到厌倦…
Absorbed in his book,he didn’t notice me enter the room.
4.作状语时，可以根据需要在其前加上引导词when,while,until,once,though,although,unless,if,as if/though,even if/though,as long as等词，但在before，after，because of 后必须用V.-ing
( When ) asked about his address , he didn’t make a response .
He wrote his first book after visiting Mongolia.
5.独立主格结构
（1）特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，它独立存在。②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的adj/adv/介短，V.-ing，V.- ed和to do是逻辑上的主动，被动或将来。③独立主格结构一般有逗号和句子隔开。
（2）构成：名词/代词+adj/adv/介短
名词/代词+doing（主动，进行）/done（被动，完成）/to do（将来）
Weather permitting,we’re going to visit you tomorrow.
The test finished,we’ll have our summer vacation.
Lots of work to do,I have to work extra hours.
为了使句子简洁、明快，往往将独立主格结构中的冠词或代词省略。
Tom came in,a gun in his hand.(=gun in hand)
1. With her baby _______ (sleep) on her back, the woman was cleaning the rich man’s house.
2. The teacher devoted his life to his career, ______ (make) most of his students successful in study.
3. He made his sister ______ (cry) by taking away her toy.
His sister was made _______ (cry) by his taking away her toy.
4.A small book _____ (explain) how to cut the death rate from having and cared for babies caught my eye.
5.The policeman found the thief ______ (put) his hand into an old man’s pocket and arrested him.
6._______ (lose) in thought of the problems, the man didn’t realize his girlfriend’s coming in.
7.________ (dress) in a white skirt, the girl looks like a angel.
8._______ (seat) in a armchair, he is always surfing online, eating fish and chips.
9.________ (look) tired and weak, the woman should have a day off to see a doctor.
10.With many problems remaining ________ (settle), the newly selected president will have a hard time.
11.Having some clothes ___________ (wash), I cannot join you to see the film.
12.________ (write) smooth, this kind of pen sells well in our school.
13.________ (see) from this angle, the mountain looks like a face of a man.
14.________ (face) enemy, Liu Hulan was very brave.
15._________ (face) with difficulties, we should not give in.
16.The president of South Africa flied to Libya, ______ (aim) to help solve the crisis.
17.Though _______ (lack) money, his parents sent him to a key university.
Though _______ (lack) in money, his parents sent him to a key university.
18.His parents were killed in the accident, (thus )_______ (leave) him an orphan.
19.I hurried to school, only _______ (find) that it was Sunday.
20._________ (walk) is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
21.__________ (consider) her age, she looks quite young．
22.____________ (study) the tomb for 5 years, he is now called an expert more or less.
23._________ (scold) for an hour by his teacher, the boy felt depressed.
24.While _________ (do) homework, the boy likes listening to light music.
25.If _________ (give) another hour, I would have finished it better.
26.Before_________ (select) a proper person to be the new president, the old president wouldn’t resign.
27.We tried hard, and eventually, we were able to get Mike ____ (lend) us his car just for a day.
28.The government has done everything it can (save) the buried miners.
29.According to the report, people in the (flood) areas are rebuilding their homes and many
roads (lead) to the areas have been repaired.
30.The local government is trying all out to find out who is (blame) for starting the forest fire．
非谓语动词30练答案 1. sleeping 2. making 3. cry , to cry 4. explaining 5. putting 6. .Lost 7. Dressed 8. Seated 9. Looking 10. unsettled
11. to wash 12.Writing 13. Seen 14. Facing 15.Faced
16. aiming 17. lacking, lacking 18. leaving 19. to find 20.Walking
21. Considering 22.Having studied 23. Having been scolded 24.doing
25. given 26. Selecting 27.to lend 28.to save 29.flooded, leading 30.to blame
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