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宾语从句
一、宾语
1.概念:宾语表示谓语动作的对象,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面。
2.充当宾语的词、短语或句子:一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。
3.双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语;advice为直接宾语)
史密斯先生就如何提高他的写作给他提了许多有价值的建议。
4.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语;to pay more attention...regular examinations为宾语补足语)
医生经常建议我们多注意饮食和心理健康并定期检查。
二、宾语从句
在句子中起宾语作用的从句,称为宾语从句。 从句也是句子,符合5种基本句型或there be 句型。引导宾语从句的连接词主要有: 从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。
1. 宾语从句的连接词
连接宾语从句的连接词分为:
(1) 从属连词that
Do you know that two US college students created an “online market place” on campus?
你知道两个美国大学生在校园内创办了一个网上市场吗?
(2) 从属连词whether, if
Nobody knows whether/if he likes to go to school or not. 没人知道他是否喜欢上学。
whether与if引导宾语从句时,在从句中不作任何成分,但有具体的含义,意为“是否”。在下列情况下只能用whether而不能用if:
①宾语从句中有or not且直接跟在whether后时,只能用whether。
I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
=I don’t know whether/if the report is true or not.
我不知道这个报道是否是真的。
②介词后的宾语从句要用whether,whether可与不定式连用。
It depends on whether we have enough time. 这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。
They don’t know whether to go there. 他们不知道是否去那里。
(2) 连接代词 who, whom,whose,what, which,whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever等
This book will show you what the best CEOs should know.
这本书会告诉你最好的首席执行官应该了解什么。
I don’t believe whatever he says. 他说什么我都不信。
Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.
我们的老师总是告诉我们,如果想成功的话,就要相信我们所做的事以及我们自己。
She asked me whose handwriting was the best in the class. 她问我班上谁的书法最好。
I’ll just say whatever comes into my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。
(3) 连接副词 when, where, why, whenever, wherever, however 等
Do you know when the ancient Olympic Games began?
你知道古代的奥运会是什么时间开始的吗?
I’ve been thinking about how we can make the newspaper more interesting.
我一直在考虑如何使我们的报纸更用趣。
2.宾语从句的分类:动词+宾语从句 、介词+宾语从句、形容词+宾语从句
(1)动词的宾语从句
①大多数位于及物动词后
[As a new graduate],he doesn’t know what it takes to start a business here.
作为一名应届毕业生,他不知道在这里创业需要什么。
I can’t see how he bought such an expensive car.
我不明白他是怎样买到一辆这样昂贵的汽车的。
Please tell me when we shall discuss our work plan.
请告诉我我们什么时候讨论我们的工作计划。
I doubt whether he will come to the wedding. 我怀疑他是否会来参加婚礼。
I don’t doubt that he will come to the wedding. 我不怀疑他将来参加婚礼。
②有些动词短语后
常见的动词短语有: find out查出,point out指出,figure out 辨别出, make sure/certain 确信, keep/bear in mind牢记等。
Can you figure out what the poet really means in this poem?
你能理解诗人在这首诗中的真正用意吗?
Please find out when the ship sails for New York. 请查明那艘船什么时候开往纽约。
We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop both our bodies and characters.
我们应当牢记体育运动不但可以增强我们的体质,而且还能塑造我们的性格。
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you hand them in.
在上交试卷前要确保试卷上没有任何错误。
③可以运用形式宾语it替代宾语从句
A. 动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume等后有宾语补足语时, 需要用it作形式宾语而将that引导的宾语从句后置。
I think it <necessary> that we take plenty of hot water every day.
我认为每天喝很多热水是有必要的。
I have made it <a rule> that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了惯例。
B. 有些动词(词组)带宾语从句时需要在从句前加it. 如:hate, like, dislike, appreciate, see to, depend on等。除此之外,take it for granted中的it是位于动词短语中而不是从句前。
I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话。
Some students just take it <for granted> that they will pass the exams.
有一些学生想当然地认为他们能通过考试。
You may depend on it that they will support you. 你相信好了,他们会支持你的。
I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.
你不在的时候,我负责把他照顾好。
温馨提示:
若宾语从句是wh-类词引导的,其后有to be短语作宾补, 则不可用it替代。
(V) We all consider what you said <to be unbelievable>.
(X) We all consider it to be unbelievable what you said.
我们都认为你所说的是不可信的。
(V) We discovered what we had learned <to be valuable>.
(X) We discovered it to be valuable what we had learned.
我们发现我们所学到的是有价值的。
(2)介词后的宾语从句
①一般情况下介词后常用wh-类连接词引导宾语从句
Martha is always thinking of how she can do more for others.
玛莎总是想如何才能为别人做得更多。
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我们正在讨论是否让学生加人我们的俱乐部。
②介词except和in后偶尔可见到that引导的宾语从句
They look very similar [except that one is a little taller].
他们看上去很相似,只是其中一个稍高一点。
He differed [from his classmates] [in that he devoted his spare time to reading].
他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在读书上。
(3)形容词后的宾语从句
后跟宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad, pleased, happy, afraid,surprised,satisfied,sorry 等表示“情感”的形容词。
I’m very pleased that all of your family will come. 我很高兴你们全家都会来。
I’m sure that they’ll make it in spite of the terrible weather.
我确信尽管天气很不好,但他们会准时到达的。
3. 宾语从句中应注意的问题
(1)宾语从句的语序
表疑问的宾语从句需要用陈述句语序
They couldn’t understand why I refused. 他们不理解我为什么拒绝了。
We are worried about what we should do next. 我们正在为下一步该怎么办而烦恼。
温馨提示:
What’s wrong/the matter with sb./sth.? 本身即为陈述句语序, 作宾语从句时语序不变。
I don’t know what is the matter with him. =I don’t know what’s wrong with him.
我不知道他怎么了。
(2)宾语从句引导词that的省略
由that引导的宾语从句在一般情况下that可以省略,但在下列情况中that常不省略。
①一个动词带有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句, 第一个that可省略,第二个和后面几个从句的that不可省略。
[Then] the teacher began to talk to us about the French language,[saying (that) it was the most beautiful tongue in the world, and that we must keep it among us and never forget it].
接着老师开始告诉我们关于法语的一些事情,他说法语是世界上最美的语言,我们必须保留这种语言,不能忘记。
②宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语
Palmer told me that he would win. 帕尔默告诉我他会贏。
③有it作形式宾语
We all consider it <important> that children should take plenty of milk [as they grow].
我们都认为孩子在长身体时喝很多牛奶是重要的。
卡尔•马克思说当一个人学习外语时,他不应总是将一切都翻译成本族语。
温馨提示:
在现代英语中,特别是在非正式语体中,在不引起误会的情况下可以省略that。
Karl Marx said (that) [when a person is learning a foreign language], he shouldn’t always be translating everything into his own.
(3) 宾语从句的否定转移
英语中表达观点、信念及推测等心理活动的主从复合句式,在表示“认为……不”等带有否定的宾语从句时,常需要进行否定的转移,即主句中的谓语动词用否定式,宾语从句中的谓语动词用肯定式, 从而构成“主句否定形式, 从句否定意义”,达到正确表达句子的意思。可用于这种结构的动词有think,believe, suppose, imagine,guess, expect 等。
I don’t think that he is a good child. 我认为他不是好孩子。
I don’t believe that he can work out the problem. 我相信他不会做这道题。
(4)宾语从句的时态
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态常常受到主句谓语动词的影响,因而在使用时要注意主从句两部分的时态一致。
①主句谓语动词如果是一般现在时,从句谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态。
I know you don’t know what I think at all. 我知道你根本不知道我想的是什么。
I know he didn’t tell you that he would come then. 我知道他没告诉你他那时要来。
②主句谓语动词如果是一般过去时态,从句谓语动词一般要用过去的某种时态。
I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I didn’t know which country he was in. 我只知道他在一个西方的国家读书,可不知道是哪个国家。
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告诉我他已经把会议的事告诉了玛丽。
温馨提示:
①如果主句中动词的时态虽然是过去时,但宾语从句表达的是科学真理或自然规律的内容,那么从句中的动词时态不受主句时态的限制。
The teacher told us that the earth circles the sun. 老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳旋转。
②有时尽管主句中的动词时态是过去时,但宾语从句中有绝对的过去时间状语,此时从句中动词仍用一般过去时(而不用过去完成时)。
She told me that she bought a computer in 2005. 她告诉我,2005年她买了一台计算机。
(5)宾语从句的语气
动词 wish 和 suggest,advise, order,insist 等后接含虚拟语气的宾语从句,见“虚拟语气”专题。
例1 Pick yourself up. Courage is doing ______ you’re afraid to do.
解析 句意: 振作起来,勇气就是去做你害怕去做的事情。分析题干可知doing后为宾语从句,从句中缺作宾语的成分。在宾语从句中,what可以作主语或宾语,所以填what。
答案what
例2 —I wonder ______ Mary has kept her figure after all these years.
—By working out every day.
解析 句意: 一我想知道这么些年来玛丽是如何保持体形的。一通过每天锻炼身体。“
Mary has kept her figure after all these years” 为宾语从句,该从句中缺少方式状语,故答案为how。
答案 how
例3. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ______ others actually understand.
解析 句意: 你想通过话语传达的信息也许正好与其他人实际理解的相反。介词of后的宾语从句中的understand后缺少宾语且表示“事物”,故用what。
答案what
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