XB 3 Unit 1 英汉对译

A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
西方绘画艺术简史
What is Western art? It is hard to give a precise definition. As there have been so many different styles of Western art, it is impossible to describe them all in a short text. Perhaps the best way to understand Western art is to look at the development of Western painting over the centuries.
什么是西方艺术？很难给出一个精确的定义。由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。也许了解西方艺术的最好方法就是看看几个世纪以来西方绘画的发展。
The Middle Ages (from the 5th to the 15th century)
中世纪（5世纪到15世纪）
During the Middle Ages, the purpose of Western art was to teach people about Christianity. Thus, artists were not interested in painting realistic scenes. Their works were often primitive and two-dimensional, and the main characters were often made much larger than everyone else to show their importance. This began to change in the 13th century with Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). While his paintings still had religious themes, they showed real people in a real environment. In particular, his paintings are set apart from other paintings by their realistic human faces and deep emotional impact.
在中世纪，西方艺术的目的是向人们传授基督教。因此，艺术家对写实场景不感兴趣。他们的作品通常较为粗糙且二维化，主体人物通常比其他人物大得多，以显示他们的重要性。这种情况在13世纪时因乔托·迪·邦多纳（1267-1337）而开始改变。尽管他的画仍然是宗教主题，但它们展示的是真实环境中的真实人物。尤其是他的画作，因其逼真的人物面貌和深刻的情感冲击而从其他画作中脱颖而出。
The Renaissance (from the 14th to the 17th century)
文艺复兴时期（14世纪到17世纪）
New ideas and values gradually replaced old ones from the Middle Ages. As a result, painters concentrated less on religious themes. They began to adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. An important breakthrough during this period was the use of perspective by Masaccio (1401-1428). Influential painters such as Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520) built upon Giotto and Masaccio’s innovations to produce some of the greatest art that Europe had ever seen.
新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。因此，画家较少关注宗教主题。他们开始持一种更人性化的生活态度。这一时期的一个重要突破是马萨乔（1401-1428）对透视法的运用。一些颇具影响力的画家，例如莱昂纳多·达·芬奇（1452-1519）、米开朗琪罗（1475-1564）和拉斐尔（1483-1520），在乔托和马萨乔的创新基础上继续发展，创造出欧洲前所未有的一些最伟大的艺术作品。
Another innovation was the use of oil paints. With their deep colours and realism, some of the best oil paintings look like photographs. While painters as early as Da Vinci had used oil, this technique reached its height with Rembrandt (1606-1669), who gained a reputation as a master of shadow and light.
另一个创新是油画颜料的使用。由于其深沉的色彩和现实主义风格，一些油画佳品看上去就像是照片。尽管早在达芬奇时代一些画家就使用油彩绘画，但伦勃朗使得这种技艺达到了顶峰，他拥有“光影大师”的雅称。
In subject matter, the emphasis increasingly shifted from religious themes to people and the world around us. Kings, nobles, and people of high rank wanted to purchase accurate pictures of themselves and the people they loved. Others wanted paintings showing important historical events or stories from mythology. Finally, most clients wanted paintings that were beautiful and interesting to look at.
在题材上，画作重点逐渐从宗教主题转移到人和我们周围的世界。国王、贵族和上流社会人士都想购买自己和所爱之人的精准画像。其他人则想要展示重要历史事件或神话故事的画作。最后，大多数客户都想要看起来美丽有趣的画作。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
印象派时期（19世纪后期到20世纪初期）
The development of Western art slowed until the invention of photography in the mid-19th century. After that, paintings were no longer needed to preserve what people and the world looked like. Hence, painters had to find a new way of looking at their art. From this, Impressionism emerged in France. The name of this new movement came from the painting by Claude Monet (1840-1926) called Impression, Sunrise. In this work, Monet's aim was to convey the light and movement in the scene—the subjective impression the scene gave him—but not a detailed record of the scene itself.
直到19世纪中叶摄影术发明之前，西方艺术的发展缓慢。在那之后，不再需要绘画来保存人和世界的面貌了。因此，画家们不得不寻找一种新的方式来看待他们的艺术。由此，印象派在法国应运而生。这个新运动的名字来源于克劳德·莫奈（1840-196）的一幅名为《印象·日出》的画作。在这幅作品中，莫奈想传达场景中的光线和运动——场景给他的主观印象——而不是场景本身的详细记录。
While many Impressionists painted scenes of nature or daily life, others, such as Renoir (1841-1919), focused on people. Unlike the cold, black-and-white photographs of that time period, Renoir’s paintings are full of light, shadow, colour, and life. He sought to show not just the outer image of his subjects, but their inner warmth and humanity as well.
虽然许多印象派画家描绘了自然或日常生活场景，但其他画家，如雷诺阿（1841-1919年）则以人物为关注对象。雷诺阿的画作与那个时代冷淡的黑白照片不同，充满了光、影、色彩和生命。他不仅试图展示他笔下人物的外在形象，而且还展示他们内心的温暖和人性。
Modern Art (from the 20th century to today)
现代艺术（20世纪至今）
After Impressionism, subsequent artists began to ask, “What do we do next?” Painters such as Picasso (1881-1973) tried to analyse the shapes which existed in the natural world but in a new way, with Cubism. Others gave their paintings a realistic but dream-like quality Still others turned to abstract art. What they attempted to do was no longer show reality, but instead to ask the question, “What is art?”
在印象派之后，后来的艺术家开始问“下一步我们该做什么？”。像毕加索（1881-1973）这样的画家试图用一种新的方法，用立体主义来分析自然界中存在的各种形状。其他人则赋予他们的画一种写实但又像梦一般的品质特征。还有一些人转向抽象艺术。他们试图做的不再是展示现实，而是提出一个问题“什么是艺术？”
ANCIENT CHINESE ART ON SHOW
中国古代艺术展览
The Richfield Museum of Fine Art is proud to present our new exhibition, “from Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages.” Join us as we explore more than 3,000 years of wonderful art from the Middle Kingdom. From bronze bowls to ceramic vases, and jade sculptures to ink wash paintings, our goal is to display the Chinese artistic genius from ancient times.
里奇菲尔德美术博物馆很荣幸为您介绍我们的新展览——“从商朝到清朝：历代中国艺术”。加入我们一起来探索来自中央王国（即中国）的具有3000多年历史的美妙艺术。从青铜碗到陶瓷花瓶，从玉雕到水墨画，我们的目标是展示中国古代的艺术才赋。
The highlight of this exhibition is the painting Clearing After Snow on a Mountain Pass, one of the great works of Tang Yin (1470-1524). Born during the Ming Dynasty, Tang sought and failed to gain entry into the civil service, so he turned to painting instead. In time, he gained recognition as one of the greatest artists China has ever known. This painting, showing high mountains, trees, and houses covered in snow, was made with extraordinary skill. Though it is over 500 years old, it looks as fresh and full of life as the day it was created.
本次展览的亮点是唐寅（1470—1524）的杰作之一——《函关雪霁图》。唐寅出生在明朝，他曾试图考取文官，但失败了，所以他转而从事绘画。最终，他被公认为中国有史以来最伟大的艺术家之一。这幅画运用了非凡的技巧，展现了高山、树木和被雪覆盖的房屋。虽然它已经有500多年的历史了，但看起来清新且充满生机，就像刚被创作出来一样。
Also of primary note is a collection of nearly 100 bronze objects from the Shang Dynasty (1600BCE-1046 BCE). While the artists who made these great works are not known, they showed great skill in creating these beautiful pieces. Some of the items on display are thought to have come from the collection of Emperor Qianlong (1711-1799), a great admirer of Shang Dynasty bronze.
同样十分重要的（看点）是来自商代（公元前1600——公元前1046）的近百件青铜器藏品。虽然不清楚创作这些伟大作品的艺术家是谁，但他们在创作这些美丽的作品时表现出了高超的技艺。其中一些展品被认为是乾隆皇帝（1711—1799）的收藏品，乾隆皇帝十分欣赏商朝的青铜器。
Finally, we have many fine examples of Tang Dynasty (618-907) sculptures. Most of these are of Buddhist origin. Even though Buddhism entered China much earlier, it did not really begin to show expansion until the seventh century. During this same period, trade along the Silk Road also boomed. Chinese sculpture thus found itself highly influenced by Buddhist art brought from India and Central Asia through the Silk Road. These works were intended to spread Buddhism and they are of exceptional beauty and quality. Looking at the faces of the figures in these sculptures, one sees the faces of the past. History is brought to life.
最后，我们还有许多唐代（618—907）的雕塑精品。这些雕塑中大多数与佛教有关。虽然很早之前佛教便传入了中国，但直到公元7世纪它才真正开始传播开来。与此同时，丝绸之路沿线的贸易也蓬勃发展。因此，中国雕塑深受经丝绸之路传来的印度和中亚佛教艺术的影响。这些作品是为了传播佛教，而且它们外观精美、品质上乘。看着这些雕塑中人物的脸，你会看到过去的面孔。历史被赋予了生命。
This is just a small taste of what is in store for you in this exhibition. We guarantee that “From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages” will transport you to another time with its amazing collection of works.
这只是本次展览供您参观的展品中的一小部分。我们保证“从商朝到清朝：历代中国艺术”展将凭借其令人惊叹的藏品让你穿越至另一个时代。
“From Shang to Qing: Chinese Art Through the Ages” will run until November25.
“从商朝到清朝：历代中国艺术”展将持续到11月25日。
Opening hours are from 9: 00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., from Tuesday to Sunday (the museum is closed on Mondays). No one will be admitted into the exhibition after 4:30 p.m.
开放时间为星期二到星期日的上午9点到下午5点（博物馆星期一闭馆）。下午四点半以后不准任何人进入展馆。
Admission: $10 for adults; $8 for students; $5 for children under 12; free for children under 5.
门票：成人10美元；学生8美元；12岁以下儿童5美元；5岁以下儿童免费。
No photos or food and drink are allowed in the museum.
博物馆内禁止拍照和饮食。