Book 2 Unit 4 单元语法

Unit 4：过去分词作定语和宾语补足语
过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作，在句子中可以用作定语、宾语补足语、表语和状语，但不能单独作谓语。
一、过去分词作定语的用法
（一）过去分词作定语的位置
1. 一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在被修饰词之前。
注意：有时为了表示强调，也可放在被修饰词之后。
tired visitors 疲惫的游客
a well-organised trip 组织有序的旅行
beautifully dressed stars 衣着华丽的明星
The disease was caused by polluted water.
这种疾病是由污染了的水造成的。
We finished the run in less than half the time allowed.
我们用了不到规定时间的一半就跑完了。
He is one of those invited.
他是那些被邀请的人之一。
2. 过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在被修饰词之后。
visitors tired of the long wait 厌倦了漫长等待的游客
a trip organised well by my workplace 我的工厂安排的很好的旅行
stars dressed beautifully at the event 在活动中打扮的很漂亮的明星
The river polluted by daily waste is now dirty and smelly.
被日常废物污染的河水现在脏且难闻。
（二）过去分词作定语的时态和语态
1. 及物动词的过去分词作定语通常表示被动和完成。被修饰词是其逻辑主语，和被修饰词构成被动关系，且该动作已经完成。
过去分词作定语时，相当于定语从句。
过去分词（短语）作非限制性定语，相当于非限制性定语从句，用来补充说明被修饰词的情况，通常用逗号与主句隔开。
I don’t like the book written by Martin (=which was written by Martin).
我不喜欢马丁写的这本书。
It is a house built by the Romans (=which was built by the Romans).
这是罗马人建的房子。
The problem, discussed yesterday (=which was discussed yesterday), has been solved.
昨天讨论的问题被解决了。
They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack (=which is known as the Union Jack).
他们使用同一面国旗，被称为“英国国旗”。
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语仅表示完成，不表示被动。
fallen leaves 落叶
boiled water 开水
the developed countries 发达国家
注意：过去分词和现在分词作定语的区别：
现在分词作定语，和被修饰词构成主动关系，且该动作正在进行，即表示“主动、进行”；过去分词作定语，和被修饰词构成被动关系，且该动作已经完成，即表示“被动、完成”。
The workers building the houses work day and night.
正在建房子的工人日夜工作。（workers和build是主动关系）
The houses built last year are for the villagers.
去年建成的房子是给村民的。（houses和build是被动关系）
二、过去分词作宾语补足语的用法
“及物动词＋宾语＋宾补”结构中，过去分词done作宾语补足语，表示与宾语构成被动关系。
1. 用于feel, find, hear, notice, see, smell, observe, watch, think等表示感觉或心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。
I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now.
刚才我看到一位老人被车撞倒了。
When he woke up in the hospital, he found himself surrounded by doctors and nurses.
当他在医院醒来时，他发现自己被医生和护士包围着。
2. 用于get, have, make, keep, leave等使役动词后作宾语补足语。
The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself heard.
演讲者提高嗓音但还是不能让听众听到他的声音。
He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.
他昨天拔了牙。
They had castles built all around England.
他们在英格兰各地建造了城堡。
3. 用于wish, want, would like, expect, order等表示“意欲”“命令”的动词后面作宾语补足语。
The boss ordered the plan carried out as soon as possible.
老板命令计划尽快被执行。
The father wants his daughter taught Japanese.
这位父亲想让女儿学日语。
4. 用于with复合结构中作宾语补足语。
With the work finished, he went out for a walk.
工作完成了，他到外面散步去了。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.
凶手被带进来了，他的双手被绑在背后。
注意：过去分词和现在分词作宾语补足语的区别：
过去分词done作宾语补足语，表示与宾语构成被动关系；现在分词doing作宾语补足语，表示与宾语构成主动关系。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by.
当我从旁经过时，我听见她正在唱英文歌。
I often heard the English song sung by young people at the party.
我经常听到这首英文歌被年轻人在聚会时唱起。
It was cold, and she had the fire burning day and night.
天很冷，她让炉火日夜烧着。
I had my car repaired last week.
我上周找人修理了汽车。