XB 1 Unit 4 英汉对译

Listening to How Bodies Talk
倾听身体的诉说
We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions in our interactions with other people. We can learn a lot about what people are thinking by watching their body language. Words are important, but the way people stand, hold their arms, and move their hands can also give us information about their feelings.
在与他人交流时，我们既使用言语也通过肢体语言来表达我们的想法和观点。通过观察别人的肢体语言，我们可以了解很多他们的想法。言语固然重要，但是人们站立、抱胳膊、挥动双手的方式也能帮助我们了解他们的情绪。
Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture. The crucial thing is using body language in a way that is appropriate to the culture you are in. For example, making eye contact—looking into someone’s eyes—in some countries is a way to display interest. In other countries, by contrast, eye contact is not always approved of. For example, in many Middle Eastern countries, men and women are not socially permitted to make eye contact. In Japan, it may demonstrate respect to look down when talking to an older person.
就像口头语言一样，肢体语言也存在着文化差异。关键是使用肢体语言的方式要与你所处的文化相适应。例如，在有些国家，眼神交流——看着别人的眼睛——是表现兴趣的一种方式。相反，在另一些国家，眼神交流并不总是被认可。例如，在许多中东国家，男女不允许在社交场合进行眼神交流。在日本，和年长的人讲话时，目光向下以表示尊敬。
The gesture for “OK” has different meanings in different cultures. In Japan, someone who witnesses another person employing the gesture might think it means money. In France, a person encountering an identical gesture may interpret it as meaning zero. However, you should avoid making this gesture in Brazil and Germany, as it is not considered polite.
“OK”这个手势在不同的文化中有不同的含义。在日本，如果看到另一个人用这个手势，可能认为这意味着钱。在法国，看到同一个手势的人可能会将其解读为“零”。但是在巴西和德国，你应该避免使用这个手势，因为它被认为是不礼貌的。
Even the gestures we use for “yes” and “no” differ around the world. In many countries, shaking one’s head means “no”, and nodding means “yes”. By comparison, in Bulgaria and southern Albania, the gestures have the opposite meaning. There are also differences in how we touch each other, how close we stand to someone we are talking to, and how we act when we meet or part. In countries like France and Russia, people may kiss their friends on the cheek when they meet. Elsewhere, people favour shaking hands, bowing from the waist, or nodding the head when they meet someone else.
甚至我们用来表示“是”与“不是”的姿势，在世界各地也不同。在许多国家，摇头表示“不”，点头表示“是”。相比之下，在保加利亚和阿尔巴尼亚南部，这两种姿势的含义是相反的。差异还表现在我们彼此接触的方式，我们与谈话对象的距离，以及我们见面或告别时的行为。在法国和俄罗斯这样的国家，人们和朋友见面时可能会亲吻他们的脸颊。在其他地方，人们见面时更喜欢握手，弯腰鞠躬或者点头。
Some gestures seem to have the same meaning everywhere. Placing your hands together and resting them on the side of your head while closing your eyes means “sleep”. A good way of saying “I am full” is moving your hand in circles over your stomach after a meal.
有些手势似乎在每个地方都有相同的含义。双手并拢放在头的一侧，同时闭上眼睛表示“睡觉”。用餐后轻轻用手在胃部转圈表示“我饱了”。
Some body language has many different uses. Perhaps the best example is smiling. A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers. A smile can breakdown barriers.We can use a smile to apologise, to greet someone, to ask for help, or to start a conversation. Experts suggest smiling at yourself in the mirror to make yourself feel happier and stronger. And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than seeing the smiling face of a good friend.
有些肢体语言有许多不同的用途。最好的例子也许是微笑。微笑可以帮助我们度过难关，在陌生人的世界里找到朋友。微笑可以打破障碍。我们可以用微笑来道歉，跟某人打招呼，寻求帮助或者开始对话。专家建议对着镜子微笑来让自己更快乐、更坚强。而且如果我们感到沮丧或孤独，没有什么比看到好朋友的笑脸更好的了。
How Do I Know My Students?
我如何了解我的学生？
As an educator, people often ask me how I know what is going on in the minds of my students. Many students are quite shy and don’t speak all that much. At the same time, in a classroom of more than forty students, it is hard to have many one-on-one conversations with each person. So, how can I really know what makes each student tick?
作为一名教育工作者，经常有人问我如何了解学生的思想动态。很多学生都比较腼腆，不怎么说话。同时，在四十多个学生的教室里，很难和每个人进行很多一对一的交谈。那么，如何才能真正了解每个学生的特点呢？
My answer? I look at their body language
我的答案是什么？我看他们的肢体语言。
It is easy to recognise when students are interested in a lesson. Most tend to look up and make eye contact. When I make a joke, they smile. When I talk about something difficult, they look confused. I know when students are really interested, however, because they lean forward and look at me. People have a tendency to lean towards whatever they are interested in. So if a student has his head lowered to look at his watch, it implies he is bored and just counting the minutes for the class to end. If two friends are leaning their heads together, they are probably writing notes to each other. Of course, not everyone who looks up is paying attention in class. Some students look up, but there is an absence of eye contact. Their eyes barely move, and they always have the same distant expression on their faces. It is as though they are asleep with their eyes open.
学生对某堂课感兴趣是很容易识别的。大多数人会抬起头来，进行眼神交流。当我讲笑话时，他们会微笑。当我讲到一些困难的东西时，他们会显得很困惑。然而，我知道什么时候学生真的感兴趣，因为他们会向前倾，看着我。人们有一种倾向，就是对任何他们感兴趣的东西都会往前靠。所以，如果一个学生低着头看表，就意味着他很无聊，只是在计算下课的时间。如果两个朋友的头靠在一起，可能是在给对方写纸条。当然，并不是每个抬头的人都在上课时专心听讲。有些学生抬起头来，但没有眼神交流。他们的眼睛几乎不动，脸上总是带着同样的冷漠表情。就好像他们睁着眼睛在睡觉一样。
Some students are amused by something else. They spend all their time looking anywhere but at me. Then again, some students’ favourite activity is daydreaming. With their chins on their hands, they occupy themselves by staring out of the window or up at the ceiling. They are certainly interested in something, but who knows what. The main thing is reminding distracted students that they need to pay attention in class.
一些学生被其他事情逗乐了。他们总是在看这看那，就是不看我。有些学生最喜欢的活动是做白日梦。他们用手托着下巴，一直盯着窗外或天花板。他们当然对某些东西感兴趣，但谁知道是什么呢？最主要的是提醒分心的学生，他们需要在课堂上专心听讲。
While it is easy to perceive when students are interested, bored, or distracted, it is sometimes much harder to distinguish when students are troubled. Students who are angry, afraid, or experiencing anxiety may have their arms crossed in front of their chests and their legs closed or crossed, like they are guarding their bodies. Students who are sad or worried will nearly always wear a frown. They may also hide their faces in their hands like they are embarrassed or ashamed. Some students act this way merely because they are afraid of being called on by the teacher. However, if a student does not bother to brush her hair and her eyes are red from weeping, then I can infer that there are deeper issues at work. It could be that she is having serious conflicts with other students or at home. Whatever it is, I know I need to inquire and assess what is going on.
虽然很容易察觉到学生什么时候感兴趣、无聊或心不在焉，但有时要区分学生什么时候有烦恼就难多了。生气、害怕、焦虑的学生可能会双手交叉在胸前，双腿合拢或交叉，像是在保护自己的身体。悲伤或发愁的学生几乎都会皱着眉头。他们也会用手掩面，像是感到尴尬或羞愧。有些学生之所以有这样的行为，只是因为他们害怕被老师叫住。但是，如果一个学生不屑于梳理自己的头发，而且眼睛哭得通红，那么我可以推断出有更深层次的问题在作祟。可能是她与其他同学或家里发生了严重的矛盾。不管是什么，我知道我需要询问和评估情况。
Ultimately, my duty is helping every student to learn. Their body language lets me know when to adjust class activities, when to intervene, and when to talk to students individually, so they can get the most out of school. Reacting to body language is an important component of being a teacher.
我的职责终究是帮助每个学生学习。他们的肢体语言让我知道什么时候应该调整课堂活动，什么时候应该干预，什么时候应该与学生单独交谈，这样他们就能从学校得到最大的收获。对肢体语言做出反应是作为一名教师的重要内容。